ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia mau fumigants e hoʻomalu i nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e ka lepo, ua loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi i ka hua ma mua o ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā hua a me nā ʻōpala ma nā ʻāpana i mālama ʻia me nā fumigant ma mua o nā ʻāpana hoʻomalu non-fumigated ma nā ʻāpana nitrogen a pau i hoʻāʻo ʻia.
I ka mahiʻai ʻuala ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā fumigants kemika e like me ka metam sodium a me ka chloropicrin e hoʻopaʻa i nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e ka lepo. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kēia ala i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka maʻi he pahi kaua ʻelua.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka fumigation i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e ka lepo e like me ka scab maʻamau a me ka uala e make koke ana, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa no hoʻokahi kau ulu. Me ka liʻiliʻi o nā pathogens i lawe ʻia i ka lepo, hiki i nā mea kanu ʻuala ke hoʻomohala i nā ʻōnaehana olakino, ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ka aʻa, e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopu ʻana i nā meaʻai lepo a me ka hoʻemi ʻana i nā koi hoʻokomo nitrogen. ʻO kahi ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻopau i ka maʻi i lawe ʻia e ka lepo mahuahua nā koi hoʻokomo nitrogen ma o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hua kiʻekiʻe e hiki ke loaʻa i ka mea kanu.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, loaʻa i nā mea fumigants lepo nā hopena i ke kaiāulu microbial lepo ma mua o ko lākou hopena i nā pathogens. No ka laʻana, ua ʻike ʻia nā fumigants e hōʻemi i ka nui o ka paikikala ʻana o ka lepo a me ka hanu microbial. Hiki paha iā lākou ke hoʻemi i ka heluna kanaka o kekahi mau microbes hoʻopau i ka maʻi, e hoʻonui ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mea kanu e hilinaʻi ai i ka fumigation e hoʻomalu i nā pathogens i ka wā e hiki mai ana. I ka pōkole, hiki i ka fumigation lepo kemika ke hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ke olakino lepo.
ʻO kā mākou ala i kēia nīnau
Ua hoʻohana nui mākou i ka huaʻōlelo "hiki" i nā paukū hope ʻelua. I kēia lā, ʻaʻohe noiʻi liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka fumigation i ka nui o ka nitrogen i kēlā me kēia mea kanu. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻōla ʻana o ke kaiāulu microbial mai kahi lapaʻau fumigation, a i ʻole.
Hoʻomaka mākou e pane i kēia mau nīnau ma a haʻawina kula ma Russet Burbank ʻuala i mālama ʻia ma 2016 a me 2017. I kēlā me kēia makahiki, loaʻa iā mākou nā ʻāpana aʻo i fumigated i ka hāʻule ma mua o ke kanu ʻana i ka ʻuala me ka sodium metam a i ʻole chloropicrin. Ua hoʻokomo pū ʻia kahi mana non-fumigated. I ka makahiki aʻe, ua māhele ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻāpana i ʻelima mau subplots, e loaʻa i kēlā me kēia me ka nitrogen ma kahi ʻokoʻa. Ua loaʻa i nā ʻāpana ʻāpana āpau he 40 paona nitrogen no ka ʻeka e like me DAP (18-46-0) i ke kanu ʻana, a ua loaʻa i kēlā me kēia me 0, 80, 140, 200, a i ʻole 260 paona no ka ʻeka e like me ESN (44-0-0) i ka wā e puka mai ai, no ka huina o ka naikokene he 40, 120, 180, 240, a i ole 300 paona no ka eka.
Ua ana mākou i nā pane o nā mea kanu i kēia fumigation a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka nui o ka naikokene e pili ana i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka tuber, ka hua, ka nui a me ka maikaʻi, nā hōʻailona o ka make ʻana o ka ʻuala, ka nui o ka nitrogen i lawe ʻia no ka paona i hoʻohana ʻia, a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka hua no ka paona nitrogen i hoʻohana ʻia, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ua ana mākou i nā pane microbial lepo ma ke ʻano o Verticillium propagule density, respiration rate, a me ka lepo nitrate a me ka ammonium concentrations.
Hoʻopau ka Fumigation i ka maʻi, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hua
E like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, ua hoʻokō pono nā fumigants i kā lākou kumu nui o ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā pathogens lawe ʻia i ka lepo. Ua emi iho laua i ka heluna kanaka ola ʻO Verticillium dahliae nā palapili i loko o ka lepo a me ke koʻikoʻi o nā hōʻailona foliar o ka make mua ʻana o ka ʻuala. Ua emi pū ka Chloropicrin i ka laha o ka scab maʻamau i loko o nā ʻuala.
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia mau fumigants e hoʻomalu i nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e ka lepo, ua loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi i ka hua ma mua o ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā hua a me nā ʻōpala ma nā ʻāpana i mālama ʻia me nā fumigant ma mua o nā ʻāpana hoʻomalu non-fumigated ma nā ʻāpana nitrogen a pau i hoʻāʻo ʻia. ʻAʻole i hoʻololi maoli kēia hopena i ka hua i ka nui o ka nitrogen agronomic maikaʻi loa i hoʻonui ʻia ai ka hua.
ʻOi aku ka nui o ka nitrogen i loaʻa i ka ʻeka a me ka paona nitrogen i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā ʻāpana i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me ka chloropicrin a i ʻole ka sodium metam ma mua o nā ʻāpana hoʻomalu ʻole. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēlā me kēia fumigant i hoʻonui i ka nui o nā hua i hana ʻia i ka paona o ka nitrogen i hoʻohana ʻia. Hōʻike kēia mau ʻokoʻa a pau i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka mālama ʻana i ka hua o ka ʻuala (biomass) i wehewehe ʻia ma ka paukū mua. ʻAʻole ia ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka tuber nitrogen a i ʻole ka nui o ka nitrogen i loko o nā kumu waina ma mua o ka make ʻana o ke kumu waina.
ʻAʻole ʻo ka Bullet Magic
ʻOiai ʻo ka chloropicrin a me ka sodium metam i hāʻawi i nā pōmaikaʻi e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi, ka hoʻoulu ʻana, a me ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nitrogen, ʻo kā lākou hopena i ka hana microbial ma waho o nā pathogens ʻaʻole maʻamau. Ma muli o CO2 nā hoʻokuʻu ʻana mai ka lepo, kahi i pili nui i ka hana microbial, ua kāohi nā fumigants ʻelua i ka hana microbial holoʻokoʻa ma mua o ke kanu ʻana a i ke kau waena. ʻAʻole ʻike hou ʻia ka hopena ma hope o ka ʻohi ʻana. Ma ka la'ana ma mua o ke kanu 'ana, ua ikaika loa ka hopena o ka sodium metam.
ʻO nā ʻāpana i mālama ʻia me kēlā me kēia fumigant ua ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka lepo ammonium ma mua o nā ʻāpana hoʻomalu non-fumigated i ke kanu ʻana a me ke kau waena. Hōʻike kēia ʻaʻole i hoʻololi pono nā microbes lepo i ka ammonium i nitrate ma lalo o ka fumigation; Ua ikaika loa kēia hopena inā ʻo chloropicrin ka fumigant. No laila, ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka hana microbial maʻamau, ua hoʻolohi ka fumigation i ka wikiwiki o ka paikikala nitrogen i ka lepo.
He aha ka hana maoli?
Hōʻike kā mākou mau hopena, ʻoiai ʻo ka fumigation lepo me ka metam sodium a i ʻole chloropicrin he mea pono i ka hua ʻuala i ka wā pōkole, ʻo ka hopena ʻaoʻao ka emi ʻana o ka hana microbial lepo a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka paikikala nitrogen. ʻAʻole maopopo ka hopena o kēia i ke olakino lepo, a he noiʻi lōʻihi ka lōʻihi e ʻike ai - kahi e nānā pono ana i ke olakino lepo a me ke kaiāulu microbial.
He mea nui nō hoʻi e noʻonoʻo i nā ala ʻē aʻe no ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā pathogens e lawe ʻia i ka lepo, ʻoi aku ka nui inā ʻike ʻia nā fumigants kemika e pōʻino i ke olakino lepo i ka wā lōʻihi. Aia nā koho ʻē aʻe e hiki ai i nā mea kanu ke hoʻomalu i nā pathogens lawe ʻia i ka lepo? Hiki ke hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka fumigation a i hui pū ʻia me ka inoculation o nā microbes pono? He mea nui ka mālama ʻana i ke olakino lepo i ke ola lōʻihi o kahi hana mahiʻai, akā ʻaʻole pono ke kumu kūʻai nui o nā hoʻolālā e hoʻoikaika ai i ke olakino lepo e hoʻololi i ka ola o ka mahiʻai i ka wā pōkole.
No ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia mau pilikia, ke hana pū nei mākou me nā mea noiʻi a puni ka ʻāina i kahi noiʻi lehulehu e pili ana i ka hopena o ke olakino lepo e nā hoʻoholo hoʻokele i nā ʻōnaehana kanu ʻuala, inā hana maikaʻi nā ala no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke olakino lepo i kēia mau ʻōnaehana, a pehea ke kanu ʻana a me ka hoʻohui ʻana. ʻO nā mea kanu uhi biofumigant e like me ka sinapi e hoʻohālikelike me ka fumigation kemika i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana a me ke kāohi ʻana i nā maʻi.
Aia kēia papahana ʻimi noiʻi Kūikawā- a me USDA/NIFA i kona makahiki ʻehā, a ʻo ka makahiki e loaʻa ai iā mākou nā pane mua loa i kēia mau nīnau. He hana lohi a paʻakikī ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke olakino lepo, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī e like me ka ʻuala. No laila, pono e hoʻonui ʻia kēia haʻawina ma mua o 2022 e aʻo ai inā e hoʻomau nā hoʻolālā kūpono i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke olakino lepo ʻoiai ke kāohi ʻana i nā pathogens i lawe ʻia i ka lepo i nā manawa he nui a me nā makahiki.
- Ua kākoʻo ʻia kēia noiʻi me ke kālā mai ka Minnesota Area II Potato Council, Minnesota Agricultural Fertilizer Research & Education Council, a me TriEst Ag Group, Inc. Ua paʻi ʻia nā hopena ma ka ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa no ka ʻImi ʻuala Kepakemapa 2021.
- ʻO nā mea kākau noiʻi ʻo James Crants, ʻo Carl Rosen a me Linda Kinkel ma ke Kulanui o Minnesota; ʻO José Pablo Dundore-Arias ma Kaleponi State University, Monterey Bay; a ʻo Andy Robinson lāua ʻo Neil Gudmestad ma North Dakota State University.