I loko o ke Kaua Kaua ʻEhiku o ke kau waena o 1700, ua hopu pio ʻia kahi kauka lāʻau koa Palani ʻo Antoine-Augustin Parmentier e nā koa Prussian. Ma ke ʻano he pio o ke kaua, ua koi ʻia ʻo ia e noho ma nā lālala ʻuala. Ma waenakonu o ka 18th kenekulia Palani, ua kūpono kēia e hana ma ke ʻano he hoʻopaʻi koʻikoʻi a ʻano ʻē: ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo kaʻuala he meaʻai no nā holoholona, a manaʻo ʻia lākou kumu lepera i loko o kānaka. Ua laha loa ka makaʻu a ua kau ʻia kahi kānāwai kūʻē iā lākou e ka poʻe Farani.
Akā ʻo Parmentier i ʻike ai i ka hale paʻahao, ʻaʻole make ka uala. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻono loa lākou. Ma hope o kona hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana i ka hopena o ke kaua, ua hoʻomaka ka mea lapaʻau i ka haʻi lawehala ʻana i kāna kamaʻāina e pili ana i nā mea kupaianaha o ka tuber. ʻO kahi ala āna i hana ai i kēia ma ka hōʻike ʻana i nā ala ʻono a pau i hiki ke lawelawe ʻia, me ka ʻānai pū ʻia. Ma ka 1772, ua hāpai ʻo Palani i kāna pāpā ʻuala. Ma nā kenekulia ma hope, hiki iā ʻoe ke kauoha i nā ʻuala i kāwili ʻia i nā ʻāina he nui, i loko o nā hale ʻaina mai nā meaʻai wikiwiki a i ka ʻaina maikaʻi.
He 10,000 mau makahiki ka hala o ka moʻolelo o ka uala i kāwili ʻia a kaʻahele i nā kuahiwi o Peru a me nā kauhale ʻIlani; he helehelena mai nā Thomas Jefferson a me kahi ʻepekema meaʻai nāna i kōkua i ka hana ʻana i kahi meaʻai māmā. Ma mua o ko mākou hiki ʻana iā lākou, akā hoʻi, e hoʻi i ka mua.
NA KUMU O KA POTATO
ʻAʻole kamaʻāina kaʻuala ma ʻIlani — a ma nā wahi a pau o ʻEulopa, no kēlā mea. Hoʻokomo ʻia paha lākou ma nā mauna Andes o Peru a me komohana komohana o Bolivia, kahi e hoʻohana ʻia ai lākou no ka meaʻai ma ka liʻiliʻi a hiki i 8000 BCE.
ʻOkoʻa loa kēia mau uala mai kā kaʻuala i maopopo i kēia lā. Ua hele mai lākou i kahi ʻano nā kinona a me nā nui a loaʻa kahi ʻono ʻawaʻawa ʻaʻole hiki i kahi kuke ke kāpae. Ua ʻona pū kekahi lākou. I mea e pale aku ai i kēia ʻino, lick ka ʻohana hihiu o ka llama i ka pālolo ma mua o ka ʻai ʻana iā lākou. Hoʻopili nā mea make i loko o kaʻuala i nā huna lepo, e ʻae ana i nā holoholona e hoʻopau palekana iā lākou. Ua ʻike ka poʻe ma ka Andes i kēia a hoʻomaka lākou i ka waiho ʻana i kā lākou mauʻuala i loko o ka huikau o ka pālolo a me ka wai — ʻaʻole ka ʻoi loa ka ʻai, akā, he hopena naʻaupō no kā lākou pilikia uala. ʻOiai i kēia lā, ke mālama pono ka hānai koho ʻana i ka nui o nā ʻano ʻuala e ʻai, hiki ke kūʻai ʻia kekahi mau ʻano ʻona ma nā mākeke Andean, kahi e kūʻai aku ai lākou ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka lepo lepo kōkua kōkua digestion.
I ka manawa i lawe mai ai nā mea ʻimi Sepania i nā ʻuala mua i ʻEulopa mai ʻAmelika Hema i ka kenekulia 16, ua hānai ʻia lākou i loko o kahi mea kanu ʻai pono. Ua liuliu naʻe lākou e hopu i nā ʻāina ʻē. Ma kekahi mau moʻolelo, kānalua nā mahiʻai ʻEulopa i nā mea kanu i hōʻike ʻole ʻia ma ka Baibala; 'ōlelo kekahi poʻeʻo ia kaʻoiaʻiʻo e ulu mai kaʻuala mai nā kōpura, ma mua o nā hua.
Kūkākūkā nā mea mōʻaukala hou o kēia mau kuhi. ʻO ka haʻalele ʻana o Cabbage mai ka Baibala mai he mea hōʻeha ʻole ia i kona kaulana, a me ka mahi ʻana ʻo ka tulip, e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻāpana ma kahi o nā ʻanoʻano, e hana ʻia nei i ka manawa like. He pilikia hortikultural paha ia. ʻAʻole kūlike nā ʻāpana ʻAmelika Hema i ka uala i kū like ʻole me nā mea i loaʻa ma ʻEulopa, keu hoʻi i nā ʻōlelo o ke ao i ka lā. I ʻEulopa, ua ulu ka ʻuala i nā lau a me nā pua, a ka poʻe botanist i aʻo koke ai, akā ʻo nā tubers a lākou i hana ai ua liʻiliʻi lākou ʻoiai ua hala nā mahina o ka ulu ʻana. Hoʻomaka kēia pilikia kūikawā e hoʻoponopono i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ka Paniolo e ulu i kaʻuala ma nā mokupuni ʻo Canary, i hana ʻia ma ke ʻano he waena waena ma waena o ʻAmelika Hema ʻo equatorial a me nā papa ʻĀkau o ʻEulopa.
He mea kūpono naʻe ke kuhikuhi ʻana, aia nō kekahi mau hōʻike no ka pili moʻomeheu i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua. Aia kekahi mau kuhikuhi maopopo i ka poʻe ma ka mauna ʻo Scottish makemake ʻole i ka ʻōlelo ʻana o ka ʻuala ma ka Baibala, a ʻo nā loina e like me ke kanu ʻana i kaʻuala i ka Pōʻalima Maikaʻi a i kekahi manawa e pīpī iā lākou me ka wai laʻa e hōʻike ana i kekahi ʻano pilina pili i ka ʻai ʻana i kaʻuala. E lilo ana lākou i mea maʻamau, akā ʻaʻole me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa. I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ʻo nā hopohopo e pili ana i ka ʻuala i lilo ai ka maʻi lepera i mea hōʻino loa i ko lākou kaulana.
HE MAU KUPONO POTATO MUA LOA
Ua hiki i nā lima lima o nā ʻelala kākoʻo, me Parmentier, ke hoʻohuli i ke kiʻi o kaʻuala. I kāna puke kākau moʻo kenekulia 18 ʻO Art of Cookery, Ua kauoha aku ka mea kākau Pelekane ʻo Hana Glasse i ka poʻe heluhelu e hoʻolapalapa i ka ʻuala, ihi iā lākou, hahao iā lākou i loko o ka ipu hao, a kāwele pono iā lākou me ka waiū, ka bata, a me kahi paʻakai liʻiliʻi. Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua paʻi ʻo Mary Randolph a ka meaʻai no ka uala i kāwili ʻia i kāna puke, ʻO ka wahine wahine Virginia, ua kāhea ia i ka hapalua auneke pata a me ka punetune o ka waiū no ka paona ʻuala.
Akā ʻaʻohe ʻāina i ʻapo i kaʻuala e like me ʻIlelani. ʻO ka mea ʻai paʻakikī, mānoanoa a momona hoʻi me he mea lā i hana ʻia no ka hoʻoilo o ka mokupuni. A ʻo nā kaua ma waena o ʻEnelani a me ʻIlani paha ka mea i hoʻonui i ka hoʻololi ʻana ma laila; ʻoiai ulu ka ʻāpana nui i lalo o ka honua, ʻoi aku ka manawa kūpono o ke ola ʻana i ka pūʻali koa. Makemake pū kekahi poʻe ʻĀlani i kā lākou ʻuala i kāwili ʻia, pinepine me ka kāpeti a i ʻole kale i loko o kahi pā i kapa ʻia Colcannon. Ua ʻoi aku ka nui o kaʻuala ma mua o ka ʻai nui wale ma laila; ua lilo lākou i ʻāpana o ka ʻike ʻIlelani.
Akā ua hele mai ka hua hana mana me kahi kīnā nui: ʻO ia maʻalahi i ka maʻi, ʻo kaʻuala hoʻi ka lohi o ka uala, a i ʻole ʻO Phytophtora infestans. I ka wā i hoʻouka kaua ka microorganism iā ʻIlani i nā makahiki 1840, ua lilo ka mahiʻai i nā mea mahiʻai a ua lilo nā ʻohana he nui i kā lākou kumu kumu meaʻai. Ua luku ʻia ka pōloli uala ʻIlani i hoʻokahi miliona mau kānaka, a i ʻole ka ʻewalu o ko ka ʻāina heluna kanaka. ʻO ke aupuni Pelekane, no kāna ʻāpana, ua hāʻawi iki i ke kākoʻo i kāna poʻe Irelani.
ʻO kekahi hoʻoilina i manaʻo ʻole ʻia o ka Wī Potato kahi pahū i loko ʻepekema ʻepekema. Ua lilo ʻo Charles Darwin i mea hoʻonāukiuki e ka pilikia o ka uala blight ma kahi pae kanaka a me ka ʻepekema hoʻi; ʻo ia iho nō puu dala he hana uala polokalamu i ʻIlelani. ʻO kāna wale nō kekahi o nā hana he nui. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i kaʻuala i ola i ka puʻupuʻu a me nā mea hou o ʻAmelika Hema, ua hiki i nā mahiʻai ʻEulopa ke hānai i nā ʻano ʻuala kūpaʻa, a kūkulu hou i nā helu o ka hua. Ua hoʻoulu kēia noiʻi i ka noiʻi hou ʻana i nā genetics mea kanu, a he ʻāpana ia o kahi neʻe ʻepekema ākea e pili pū me kā Gregor Mendel hana haki honua me māla peas.
NA MEA O KA HANA POTATO MASHED
Ma kahi o ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia 20, kahi mea hana i kapa ʻia he ricer i hoʻomaka e hōʻike ʻia i nā lumi kuke home. He mīkini metala ia e like me ka paʻi kālika nui, a ʻaʻohe mea e pili ana i ka hana laiki. Ke ʻānai ʻia kaʻuala i loko o nā lua liʻiliʻi o ka lalo o ka paʻi, hoʻololi ʻia lākou i maikaʻi, laiki-nui i nā'āpana.
ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka maʻalahi o ke kaʻina ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi masher kahiko, a hāʻawi ia i nā hopena ʻono hou aʻe. Mashing kaʻu uala i loko o ka hoʻopoina hoʻokuʻu peʻa gelatinized mai nā huna mea kanu e aniani pū e hana i kahi like-paste. Inā ʻoe i ʻono i ka ʻuala i kāpala ʻia, kāpulu ʻia, ʻo ka lawehala paha ka. Me kahi ricer, ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e hōʻino i kaʻu mau uala e kiʻi i kahi ʻano maʻalahi, lump-ʻole. Kūkākūkā kekahi mau purist ʻaʻole i mū maoli nā ʻuala i hana ʻia i kēia ala — ua lau ʻia lākou — akā, mai waiho i ka pedantry e hele i ke ala o nā huehue momona.
KE KAUAHI O NĀ POTATO INA INSTANT
Inā loaʻa ka manaʻo o nā pedants potato potato e pili ana i nā mea waiwai, loaʻa nō iā lākou kahi mea e ʻōlelo ai e pili ana i kēia ulu aʻe. I nā makahiki 1950, nā mea noiʻi i ka mea i kapa ʻia i kēia lā ʻo Eastern Regional Research Center, kahi keʻena ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa mahiʻai ma waho o Piladelapia, ua hoʻomohala i kahi hana hou no ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana i kaʻuala i alakaʻi ʻia i nā flakes uala i hiki ke hoʻopau hou ʻia i ka home. Ma hope koke iho, ua hānau ʻia kaʻuala hou hou.
He mea kūpono ke kuhikuhi ʻana he mamao loa kēia mai ka manawa mua i hoʻomaloʻo ʻia kaʻuala. Ke hoʻi nei i ka manawa o ka Incas, chuño he uala maloʻo maloʻo maoli ia i hana ʻia ma o ka hui pū ʻana o ka hana lima a me nā kūlana kaiapuni. Na nā Inca i hāʻawi iā ia koa a hoʻohana ia mea e kiaʻi i ka hōʻemi ʻole o ka hua.
Ke hoʻomākaukau nei nā hoʻokolohua me ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana i nā ʻoihana i ka hopena o ka makahiki 1700, me hoʻokahi leka 1802 iā Thomas Jefferson e kūkākūkā ana i kahi mea hou i hamo ai ʻoe i ka ʻuala a kaomi aku i nā wai a pau, a hiki ke mālama ʻia ka pōpō hopena no nā makahiki. Ke hoʻoulu hou ʻia ua "like me ka uala i kāwili ʻia" e like me ka leka. ʻO ka mea kaumaha, he ʻano maʻalahi ka uala e lilo i pākī, a me nā keke ʻai ʻono.
Hoʻomaka hou ka hoihoi i ka ʻuala i hou koke ʻia i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua ʻElua, akā ʻo kēlā mau mana kahi soggy mush a i ʻole lilo mau loa. ʻAʻole ia a hiki i ka hana hou a ka ERRC i nā makahiki 1950 e hiki ai ke hana i kahi ʻuala palu malala hiki ke hana ʻia. ʻO kekahi o nā hanana nui ke ʻimi nei i kahi ala e hoʻomaloʻo ai i kaʻuala i hoʻomoʻa ʻia me ka wikiwiki loa, e hoʻoliʻiliʻi ana i ka nui o ka hakahaka o ka cell a no laila ka pastiness o ka huahana hope. Kūpono kūpono kēia mau pepelu ʻuala i ka piʻi ʻana o nā mea ʻai i kapa ʻia he maikaʻi i kēlā manawa, a kōkua i ka ʻai ʻana o ka ʻuala i ka wā 1960s ma hope o ka emi ʻana o nā makahiki i hala.
ʻO ka uala i kāwili koke ʻia he mea kupaianaha ia o ka ʻepekema meaʻai, akā ʻaʻole wale ia ka poʻe ʻepekema hoʻohana i loaʻa no kēia mau ʻalalā ʻuala hou. ʻO Miles Willard, kekahi o nā mea noiʻi ERRC, i hoʻomau i ka hana ma ka ʻāpana pilikino, kahi i kōkua ai kāna hana i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā ʻano meaʻai māmā hou me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā flakes uala i hoʻopaʻa hou ʻia — me Pringles.
