ʻO ka mea kanu kūpono no ka mahi ʻana i ka lewa e hāʻawi i nā meaola he nui mai nā mea hoʻokomo i hiki. Maanei, kūkākūkā mākou pehea e hiki ai ke hoʻohana i ka biotechnology e hana i kahi māla potato i kūpono no nā kānaka ma kahi ākea.
Inā mau ka lāhui i nā mikionali wā lōʻihi a me ka noho ʻana, e hoʻokumu ana i kahi ʻōnaehana mahi manu ākea e pono ai no ke ola o ke kanaka i ka lewa. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole lawa ke kumukūʻai a me ka hana kūpono nā mea kanu i kēia manawa no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma nā mahiʻai ākea. No laila, hāʻawi mākou i kahi hoʻolālā no Whible-Body Edible a me Elite Plant (WBEEP) no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hua ākea. Ke hilinaʻi nei i ka biotechnology mea kanu, ke pahuhopu ka WBEEP hoʻolālā e hoʻomohala i nā mea kanu me nā ʻāpana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, ka momona o ka momona, nā hua kiʻekiʻe, a me nā pono o nā minelala mineral kiʻekiʻe no nā mahiʻai ākea.
ʻUala (Puʻupuʻu Solanum Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo L.) ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea hakakā kiʻekiʻe loa no ka mahiʻai ākea ma muli o nā keu aʻe: (1) ka papa helu ʻohi kiʻekiʻe a me nā hua kōpuʻu a me nā tubers waiwai-momona e hiki ke hāʻawi i ka nui o ka ikehu no nā kānaka; (2) nā koi hortikultural maʻalahi a me nā pono hana meaʻai; a me (3) ke ahonui kiʻekiʻe e kūʻē i nā pilikia me ka hiki ke hoʻomohala maʻamau i ka wā ākea. ʻO ka mea nui, hiki ke hoʻolaha pono ʻia kaʻuala ma o nā tubers a hoʻolaha ʻia i ka moekolohe ma o nā ʻanoʻano. Hiki i ka hoʻouluulu wahine ke hōʻoia i ka hoʻoulu hou ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai a me ka waiwai paʻa paʻa, ʻoiai ʻo ka hānau kolohe ʻana e hiki ke hōʻoia i kahi koina maikaʻi o ka hoʻolaha a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā kumukūʻai halihali. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke mahi pono ʻia kaʻuala i ka lewa a hiki i nā kīnā kūlohelohe e pili ana i kā lākou kiʻekiʻe solanine, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka hōʻuluʻulu o ka momona, a lanakila ka pono o ka momona momona. Ma lalo, wehewehe mākou i kahi hoʻolālā WBEEP no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i kaʻuala i hiki ke hana i kahi WBEEP-potato no ka mahiʻai ākea (Fig 1).
Ke hoʻomohala nei i nā mea kanu hiki ke ʻai i ke kino holoʻokoʻa no WBEEP-potato
ʻO nā mea kanu e ʻai i ko lākou kino holoʻokoʻa makemake ʻia no nā mahiʻai ākea no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke lawe mai i nā kānaka i nā meaʻai a hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka ʻōpala. Eia nō naʻe, ʻai ʻole nā koʻokoʻo o kaʻuala, nā lau, a me nā hua. ʻO nā ʻāpana lewa o nā mea kanu ʻuala i loaʻa ka solanine i hōʻiliʻili ʻia (ʻo ka α-solanine a me ka α-chaconine), ka mea pale aku i nā mea ʻino a me nā pathogens akā ʻawaʻawa ia i kānaka. I nā ʻōnaehana mahiʻai hakahaka, me nā wahi e kaohi nui ʻia, pono ʻole ke pale ʻana i nā mea kanu me ka solanine. Inā hemo ka solanine, hiki i ka mea kanuʻuala holoʻokoʻa ke lilo i ka ʻai. No ka pale ʻana i ka hōʻiliʻili o solanine i nā mea kanu uala, hiki ke hoʻokau ʻia ka biosynthesis. ʻO kahi laʻana, ka hāmau a i ʻole nā genes mutating e hoʻopāʻālua nei i ka cytochrome P450 enzyme GAME4, ka dioxygenase DPS a i ʻole ka AP2 / ERF transcription factor GAME9 i hoʻoliʻiliʻi nui i ka ʻike solanine. Hiki i nā ʻōmato ke hana i ka solanine ʻino (ʻo ka α-tomatine) akā hiki ke hoʻololi i ka solanine i loko o ka nonbitter a me ka nontoxic glycoside esculeoside A i nā hua6. No ka mea ʻo ka solanine metabolism e pili ana i kekahi mau hopena enzymatic i maʻa mau ma waena o kaʻuala a me nā ʻōmato, hiki paha ke hoʻolauna i nā genes metabolism solanine mai nā ʻōmato i nā uala e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka hōʻiliʻili solanine.
ʻO Biofortification me nā mea kōkua pono no WBEEP-potato
ʻO nā Phytonutrients (e laʻa me nā flavonoids a me nā anthocyanins) a me nā huaora he mea nui i ke olakino kanaka. ʻO ke kino i ke ākea e lilo i mea palupalu a pono i nā mea momona hou aku. Eia nō naʻe, e haki paha kekahi mau micronutrients i nā meaʻai pūʻolo ma lalo o nā kūlana mālama i ka lewa, kahi mea paʻakikī i nā luina e loaʻa nā meaʻai paʻa8. No laila, makemake ʻia no ka poʻe e loaʻa pololei ka meaʻai mai nā huahana mahiʻai hou. I ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka lawa ʻole o nā protein, nā pono ponoʻī, nā wikamina, a me nā mea pono pono ʻē aʻe i loko o nā kūpe potato, pono ia e biofortify kaʻuala e hoʻokō pono i nā pono pono o ke kino o ke kanaka. Hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i nā mea kanu e synthesize i nā wikamina a me nā metabolite lua ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ala metabolic endogenous, me (1) ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka lako o mua. (2) overexpression, relocation, a i ʻole hoʻololi ʻana o nā ʻōmole bottleneck; (3) hūnā i nā ala i makemake ʻole ʻia; (4) ka pale ʻana i nā ala hoʻokūkū; (5) hoʻonui o ke kahe metabolic e hōʻemi i ka pāpā ʻana i ka pane; a (6) ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā mea kākau. Ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā papahana i luna, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā ʻuala i waiwai i nā wikamina like ʻole, nā protein, flavonoids, anthocyanins, a me nā meaola ʻē aʻe. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā ʻano ʻuala i loko o ka canthaxanthin, astaxanthin, a i ʻole nā kaulahao polyunsaturated fatty acid (VLC-PUFA) lōʻihi lōʻihi e hoʻomohala ʻia e ke kūkulu hou ʻana i nā ala biosynthetic.
Hoʻonui i ka hua no ka WBEEP-potato
ʻO ka paipu nā ʻāpana ʻai mua o nā mea kanu ʻuala. ʻO ka tuberization uala kahi hana olaola paʻakikī. ʻO nā mea hoʻoponopono kī nui me ka photoreceptor phytochrome B (PHYB), ka StCO factor transcription, nā leka uila (StBEL5 a POTH1 mRNA, protein StSP6A, a miR172), a me nā mea lawe sucrose StSUT4 a me StSP5G. Overexpression o StSP6A, StPOTH1, StBEL5, a StmiR172 a i ʻole ka pāpā ʻana i StPHYB, ʻO StCO, StSUT4, a ʻO StSP5G hiki ke hana e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka tuberization11. ʻO ka optimization o photosynthesis kahi ala mua e hoʻonui ai i ka hua o ka hua, a koi ʻia ka tuberization potato i ka nui o nā huahana photosynthetic (ʻoi aku ka sucrose) mai nā ʻāpana i luna. Ke hoʻomau nei nā hana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pono photosynthetic e ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hiki i ka carboxylation o ka ʻenekia Rubisco, e hoʻonui ana i ka mana hou o ke kalapona hoʻoliʻiliʻi kalapona, e hoʻonui pono ana i ke kaulahao lawe uila, a hoʻemi i ka oxygenation a me photorespiration12. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻōnaehana ʻenekinia genetona i ʻōlelo ʻia no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pono o ka photosynthesis i hoʻohana pono ʻia i ka laiki a i ʻole ka paka a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hua o kaʻuala. ʻO kahi laʻana, hiki i kahi bypass photorespiratory i hana ʻimi hoʻopunipuni ʻia ma o ka hōʻike ʻana o ka recombinant glycolate dehydrogenase polyprotein hiki ke hoʻonui nui i ka pono photosynthetic a me nā hua tuber ma o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka photorespiration a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana iā CO2 hāpai I kēia mau lā, ke hoʻololi nei i ka mea kanu RNA m6Ua lilo kahi methylation i ala kūpono e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu a me nā hua o ka hua. Transgenic hōʻike o ke kanaka RNA demethylase FTO e hōʻemi i ka m6Ua alakaʻi ʻia kahi pae i kaʻuala i ~ 50% e hoʻonui ai i ka hua o ka tuber a me ka biomass lewa.
Hoʻonui i ka pono o ka minamina mineral e hoʻohana pono ai no WBEEP-potato
ʻO ka ulu ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana e koi ai i nā mea mineral, e like me ka nitrogen, phosphorus, a me ka potassium. ʻO ke kumukūʻai o ka lawe ʻana i nā mea momona mai ka Honua he kiʻekiʻe loa. No laila, pono e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono o ka pono o ka huaʻai pono e hōʻemi i ka lawe ʻana i ka mea momona. Hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻololi kūlohelohe e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka lawe ʻana o ka mea kanu i nā mea kanu, hoʻokaʻawale, a me ka metabolism a i ʻole e hoʻonui i ka hoʻolālā kumu. ʻO Nitrogen kekahi o nā mea nui i koi ʻia e nā mea kanu. Glutamate dehydrogenases (GDHs) mai nā meaola haʻahaʻa e hōʻike ana i kahi pilina kiʻekiʻe loa no NH4+ a me ka hiki i ka assimilation ikaika amonia. Hōʻike Heterologous o GDHs i ʻoi aku ke aloha kiʻekiʻe no NH4+ ma mua o ka hiki i nā mea kanu GDH ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka nitrogen i nā pono he nui, e like me kaʻuala, a hōʻoia i ka hiki i nā mea kanu ke loaʻa i nā hua kiʻekiʻe ma lalo o nā kūlana haʻahaʻa-nitrogen. ʻO ka phosphoror kekahi mea nui e pono ai ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu, a hiki i nā phosphite fertilizers ke hāpai i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hua a me ka maikaʻi o nā kūmole potato. Hōʻike o ka phosphite dehydrogenase (ptxD) mai Pseudomonas spp. ʻae i ka laiki a me ka pulupulu e hoʻopili i ka phosphite ma ka hoʻohui o ka phosphate, a he mea kūpono ka ʻimi ʻana i kāna hana i kaʻuala. Pono kaʻuala i nā mea kanu potassium ma mua o ka nitrogen a i ʻole nā phosphate fertilizers no ka ulu a me ke ʻano. Hōʻike Heterologous o ka Arabidopsis K+ Kanal AKT1 a me nā mea hoʻouluulu CBL1, CBL9, a CIPK23 hiki ke hoʻonui i ka maikaʻi o ka lawe ʻana o ka potassium mai ka lepo i nā mea kanu, a hoʻonui i ka K+ ke lawe HAK5 hiki ke hoʻonui i ka maikaʻi o ka lawe ʻana o ka potassium i nā mea kanu he nui ma lalo o nā kūlana potassium. I kēia mau lā, ua lilo ka genetically manipulate i ka hoʻolālā ʻōnaehana i kumu hoʻolālā e hoʻonui i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka nutrient a me nā hua i nā mea kanu tuber, akā pono e ʻeli ʻia nā genes i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i kaʻuala.
Nā manaʻo e hiki mai ana no WBEEPs
Ua alakaʻi ʻia nā hoʻokolohua e hōʻike i ka ulu a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā mea kanu i ka lewa, akā ʻo ka mahiʻai ākea ka mea i koe i kona wā kamaliʻi. ʻO nā lau lau ʻōmaʻomaʻo wale nō e like me ka lettuce a me ka sinapi e ulu nei no ka meaʻai ma ka International Space Station. No laila, e lawe hou mai i nā mea kanu i nā mahiʻai ākea, noi mākou i ke ala WBEEP no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hua. Hiki i kahi WBEEP ākea āpau ke hāʻawi i ka meaʻai lawa a momona hoʻi no nā kānaka ma kahi ākea me ka liʻiliʻi o ka momona momona. Ke hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano biosynthesis ant anti-nutritional factor, a hoʻomohala ʻia nā hoʻolālā no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka meaʻai, hua, a me ka pono o ka momona, hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ke ala WBEEP ma nā mea kanu hou aku. ʻOiai ʻo ka mahi pono ʻana o WBEEPs i ka hakahaka no ka meaʻai ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia i kēlā me kēia manawa koke, ʻōlelo mākou i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka holomua e pono ai e hoʻokō i kahi pahuhopu e pono paha no ka mahiʻai ākea akā no ka mahiʻai maʻamau.
