ʻO Andy Robinson Kākoʻo Kākoʻo, Extension Potato Agronomist North Dakota State University a me ke Kulanui o Minnesota
ʻO Harlene Hatterman-Valenti Associate Professor, High Value Crop Production Ke Kulanui o Dakota State ʻo North Dakota
Hiki i nāʻuala ke hoʻemi i ka hua a me ka maikaʻi i ke kau ulu ke hoʻopili ʻia e glyphosate. Eia kekahi, hiki i nā hua uala ke mālama i nā koena glyphosate a hiki i ka makahiki e hiki mai ana a ke kanu ʻia hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa nā pilikia kū i ka hopena e hōʻemi i ka hua.
ʻO Glyphosate kahi lāʻau make i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka mahiʻai ma muli o ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa no ka mālama pono ʻana i nā mauʻu a me nā mauʻu ākea i ka ulu ʻana o ka soybean, glyphosate, a me nā beets kō a me kahi mālama preharvest no nā mea kanu, me nā hua liʻiliʻi a me nā canola. .
Ke kū nei kēia mau hana ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻuala a hoʻohana ʻia paha ka pahu sprayer like e mālama ai i kaʻuala, hoʻonui ʻia ka hiki o ka glyphosate e launa me nā mea kanu ʻuala. I kēlā me kēia makahiki, hōʻike ʻia nā hihia he nui o ka ʻeha glyphosate i kaʻuala ma North Dakota a me Minnesota.
ʻO ke kumu o kēia paʻi e wehewehe i nā ʻōuli o ka hōʻeha glyphosate i nā mea kanu kalo a me nā ʻanoʻano i ulu me nā koena glyphosate.
Hōʻike ʻia kaʻuala i Glyphosate
Hiki ke hōʻike i kaʻuala i ka glyphosate ma nā ʻano like ʻole, e like me ka ʻauheʻe o nā hunaahi, hoʻohaumia pahu, misapplication, inversions a me nā lapaʻau spot i ka mea makua
ʻO nā ala maʻamau e hoʻopili aku ai kaʻuala me glyphosate ma o ka heʻe ʻana o kahi wai wai a me ka hoʻohaumia wai. Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka ʻūlū lū ma nā ʻano like ʻole, e like me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka nui o ka mea lawe, koho nozzle, kaomi ʻehu, kiʻekiʻe boom a me ka wikiwiki o ka huakaʻi. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka pīpī ʻana ma kahi o kaʻuala wale nō ke kū ka makani ma waena o 3 a 10 mau mile i kēlā me kēia hola a ke puhi nei ka makani mai nā wahi koʻikoʻi. Pākuʻi paha kēia i ka ʻole o ka pīpī ʻana i nā palena kokoke i nā ʻōpala.
Pono e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā pahu wai ʻehu me nā mea holoi wai kūpono a holoi pono ʻia ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻia i kaʻuala. E noʻonoʻo paha nā mea hana i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi pahu wai i hoʻolaʻa wale ʻia no nā ʻuala a hoʻohana ʻole ʻia no ka pīpī ʻana i ka glyphosate. Hiki ke hana hewa i ka wā e kāpīpī ʻia kahi mehana me ka glyphosate me ka manaʻo ʻole, a ʻoi aku paha, ke hoʻopau ʻia a hoʻonui ʻia ka paila paila a hoʻopili ʻia ka wai wai i nā lālani o waho o kahi ʻuala kokoke.
ʻO kekahi hopohopo no nā mea kanu uala ke kaohi ʻana i ka mauʻu me ka glyphosate ma mua o ka kū ʻana o kaʻuala. Inā kūwaha ka ʻuala ma ka honua, e hoʻopili paha lākou me nā droplets ʻehu.
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā inversions e ka ea kūpaʻa a ʻike pinepine ʻia ke emi o ka wikiwiki o ka makani ma mua o 3 mile i kēlā me kēia hola a ʻo ka uhi o ke ao ma lalo o 25 pākēneka. I kēia mau kūlana, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka drift mai ʻekolu a ʻehā mau hola ma hope o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wela o ka lā a ʻelua a ʻekolu mau hola ma hope o ka puka ʻana o ka lā. Hoʻopili ʻia nā mea ʻehu i ka lewa i ka wā o nā huliau, e like me ka lepo, ka noe a me ka uahi e hiki ke ʻike ʻia i kēia mau ʻano.
Hiki i ka ʻuala ke hoʻopili aku me ka glyphosate ke hana ʻia nā wahi kiko ma loko o ka uka a i ʻole nā ʻaoʻao mua. ʻO ka makaʻala i ka hoʻonohonoho sprayer a me nā kūlana o ke kaiapuni hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o nā lāʻau i nā mea kanu maʻalahi, e like me kaʻuala.
ʻO Glyphosate ma ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu
Ke hiki mai ka glyphosate me ka uala i ka wā e ulu ana, hiki iā ia ke hōʻino i nā lau a me nā kūpe, a hoʻemi i ka hua a me ka mākeke o kaʻuala.
Komo ʻo Glyphosate i ka mea kanu ʻuala ma o nā lau a laila neʻe i nā wahi ulu ma luna a ma lalo o ka honua. I ka wā o ka hoʻomohala tuber kaikamahine, hana nā tubers ma ke ʻano he "sink," a i ʻole kahi e hōʻiliʻili ai i nā assimilates i hana ʻia e nā lau a me nā hui exogenous (e like me glyphosate) translocated e ka mea kanu.
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka ʻeha Glyphosate ma ke ʻano he melemele a i ʻole nekrosis i nā lau ʻōpio, a hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā mea kanu i ka ulu ʻana (Figure 1).
Hiki i ka ʻōpala hōʻailona ke hoʻopili i ka ʻāpana o ka ʻili, nā tubers i hana hewa ʻole a me ka make ʻana o nā mea i ukali ʻia e nā pathogens lua e hoʻouka nei i nā tubers (Figure 2).
I ka holomua ʻana o nā tubers ʻeha i loko o ka pae hoʻonui, e hoʻonui nā māwae a me nā malformations. Hoʻoemi kēia i ka mākeke o nā tubers. Kuhi hewa paha kēlā pahū no nā māwae ulu, akā ke kālailai ʻana i nā hāpana he nui a me ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā paipu i nā hale hana e hoʻāʻo no nā koena lāʻau make hiki ke kōkua i ka hōʻoia ʻana i ke kumu o ka ʻeha. Ke hoʻohana hewa ʻia ka glyphosate a piʻi nui nā kūpona me nā mea kanu ʻuala, hiki i nā lau a me ka make kō (Fig 3 a me 4). Hoʻonui ka make o nāʻiʻo tuber i ka manawa kūpono o nā pathogens lua e lele mai ana i ka tuber.
Ka hopena o nā koena Glyphosate i loko o kaʻuala.
ʻO nā hua o kaʻuala i hiki ke hoʻopili me glyphosate e hōʻike i ka ʻōuli i hōʻike mua ʻia. ʻO ka mea paʻakikī e ʻike ai ke hiki mai ka glyphosate me nā ʻuala i ka hopena o ka hopena o ka hopena a i ʻole ke kenekulia mua no ka mea liʻiliʻi, inā loaʻa, e mālama ʻia kahi hōʻailona ma nā lau a i ʻole nā paipu. He helehelena kino maʻamau ko Tubers akā he glyphosate ka i loko o ka hua i hiki ke kumu i nā pilikia germination i ka makahiki e hiki mai ana.
ʻO ke koina kiʻekiʻe o nā koena glyphosate i ka hua uala hiki:
• Pāki loa i ka ulu ʻana o ke kupu • Kumu i ke kumu o “Cauli fl ower” o nā wana a puni nā maka potato (Kiʻi 5)
Hiki i nā pae kaulike o glyphosate ke kumu:
• Erratic a lohi ka puka ʻana (Kiʻi 6) • Pihi hoʻonui ʻia (Kiʻi 7) • Pihi mai nā maka he nui mai ka maka hoʻokahi (Kiʻi 8) • Ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o "Candelabra" o nā wana (Kiʻi 9)
ʻO ke kumu haʻahaʻa o ka glyphosate i ka ʻuala hua ke kumu:
• Nāwaliwali nā mea kanu i kūlou, wili a melemele i nā lau hou (Kiʻi 10, ʻAoʻao 6) • Ka pehu ʻana o nā wana a hoʻemi a hoʻonui ʻia paha ke aʻa (Kii 11, ʻAoʻao 6)
ʻO nā ʻokoʻa i nā pae o ke aʻa ke hopena o ka nui o ka glyphosate, ke kaiapuni a i ʻole ka mahi uala. ʻO ka lohi a lohi paha ka puka ʻana e hoʻemi i ka ulu a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā mea kanu, hiki ke hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka nui o ka tuber, ka helu tuber a me nā hua. E hilinaʻi ka nui o kēia hopena i nā kūlana ulu, ka nui o ka glyphosate i ka hua uala a hoʻolohi ʻia ka manawa o ka puka ʻana.
Ke hoʻomaka koke nā mea kanu mai nā hua uala me nā koena glyphosate e ulu maʻamau i ka lau, e hiki i nā mea kanu ke hoʻopau a metabolize paha i ka glyphosate. No laila, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā koena glyphosate e lawe i loko o nā kūpuna moʻopuna.
E hōʻoia ana i ka Glyphosate i nā mea kanu uala
Inā manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻopili aku ka glyphosate i kahi hua ʻuala i ka wā ulu, e nānā i ka mea i loaʻa no ka ʻeha maʻamau o ka glyphosate e like me ka mea i hōʻike mua ʻia. Kākau i ka ʻeha ma ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kahi ʻike o nā ʻike āpau, me nā ʻōuli ʻeha i ʻike ʻia, e hana ana i kahi palapala ʻāina o kahi e loaʻa ai ka ʻeha a me nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi kiʻekiʻe.
Inā manaʻo ʻia nā koena glyphosate i ka hua uala, e nānā pono i nā mea kanu he nui no ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma mua. ʻO kekahi o nā mea mua āu e ʻike ai ʻaʻole ʻoe e nānā i kekahi ʻano o ka ʻeha ma ka mea no ka mea o ka ʻanoʻano i hoʻopili ʻia e ka glyphosate i hui ʻia i ka wā e ʻohi ai, i ka mālama ʻana a me ke kanu ʻana me nā ʻāpana hua i hiki ʻole ke haumia i ka glyphosate. ʻO nā mea kanu uala e loli ʻia e glyphosate e hōʻike i nā pae like ʻole o nā ʻōuli no ka mea he ʻokoʻa nā ʻanoʻano o nā glyphosate i kēlā me kēia tuber.
■ Mālama pono i nā ʻōuli a pau a lawe i nā kiʻi kiʻekiʻe (e holoi i ka lepo mai nā tubers a me nā aʻa). Kuhi i ka nui o nā tubers i hoʻopili ʻia e ka helu ʻana i ka helu o nā mea kanu i hoʻopili ʻia glyphosate i ka lālani 25 kapuaʻi ma ka liʻiliʻi he ʻekolu mau wahi o ka mea mua.
■ Hiki ke hoʻouna ʻia i nā lau i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a me nā tubers i nā hale hana i hōʻoia ʻia e hōʻoia i nā koena glyphosate. E hoʻonui i ka likelihood o ka ʻike ʻana i nā lāʻau make, koho i nā paipu a i ʻole nā lau me ka nui o ka pōʻino ma hope koke iho o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o kahi ʻino lāʻau make. E hoʻomanaʻo i ka loiloi ʻana o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua he mau pule paha ka lōʻihi e hoʻopau ai a hoʻopau paha i nā ʻōuli e loaʻa nā hopena.
■ E ʻike i ka "North Dakota Weed Control Guide" (www.ndsu.edu/weeds) no ka ʻike e pili ana i nā hale hana e hoʻāʻo nei no nā koena lāʻau make. No nā hopena maikaʻi loa, e hoʻohana i kahi keʻena hoʻokolohua e hiki ai ke huai i nā koena glyphosate a i nā ʻāpana 0.01 i kēlā me kēia miliona (ppm).
■ Kāhea koke aku i nā ʻaoʻao āpau a me nā ʻoihana ʻinikua e pili ana i hiki ai ke kipa aku i ka mea hōʻoia e hōʻoia i ka ʻike. Loiloi i nā koi o kāu mokuʻāina no ka ʻimi ʻana i ka kuleana e alualu ai i ka uku. No ka 'ike hou aku, e nānā i ka "Palapala no ka hōʻino ʻia ʻo Herbicide Drift Damage," NDSU Extension publication W253.
Nā kiʻi a pau na Andy Robinson
kumu: www.ag.ndsu.edu