ʻO ka pūʻulu liʻiliʻi o nā kumuwaiwai a me ka maloʻo o nā makahiki i hala iho nei ke manaʻo nei ke piʻi wikiwiki nei ke kaomi o nā wireworms. ʻO ka pilikia, i waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, i ka mahi ʻuala ma ka nāhelehele i wāwahi ʻia a i ʻole nā kulu me nā manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo e koe. I ka wā o nā pōʻino koʻikoʻi, hōʻemi ʻia ka hōʻino kālā i kekahi mau kaukani kālā ma ka hectare.
ʻO ka hua o 8 hectare o kā mākou ʻeka ʻeka i hōʻole ʻia no ka hōʻino ʻia mai nā wireworms. Eia ka pae o ka maʻi he 15 pakeneka a ʻoi paha. Ua hoʻemi mākou i ka uku ma luna o kekahi mau hoʻolālā me ka liʻiliʻi o ka pōʻino, 'wahi a ka mea mahiʻai ʻo Mischa Raedts. 'Eia hou, ua hoʻolilo mākou i mea nui ma ka hapanui o nā pesticides biological i loaʻa iki a ʻaʻohe hopena.'
Kuhi ʻo Raedts i ka huina lilo no nā wireworms no kēia makahiki ma 75,000 euro. 'ʻO ia kā mākou waiwai,' i hoʻopau ai ʻo ia. He mahiʻai mahiʻai ko ka mea kālepa me ka hui pū ʻana me kona mau mākua ma Sevenum, Limburg. Ulu lākou i ka nui he 100 hectare o kaʻuala, a ʻo kekahi o lākou e kūʻai aku nei ma ke ʻano he bantam. 'ʻO ia i loko o nā tubers liʻiliʻi ʻoi aku ka hopena o ka hōʻino ʻana mai nā wireworms.'
5,000 euro ma ka ʻeka
ʻO ka mea mahiʻai ʻo Jos Derks mai Volkel, Brabant, he ʻike like me ka ʻuala i ulu ʻo ia no Aviko. Inā hōʻole ʻia kaʻuala ma ka hale hana a huli pono i kūpono no ka hana flake, e uku ʻia iā ʻoe he 10 keneta o ka kilo. Kahi heketa, ʻo ka hōʻino kālā i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā wireworms a laila he 5,000 euro wale nō, 'helu ʻo Derks.
Hoʻomaopopo nā Raedts a me Derks i nā infestations a nā wireworms kikoʻī, akā ʻo nā pepeke lepo e like me nā grub a me nā leatherjackets, ua hoʻonui ʻia i nā makahiki i hala iho nei. ʻIke ʻo Derks i kahi pilina me ka loaʻa ʻole o nā hoʻoilo ʻoʻoleʻa. 'Kūleʻa mākou i ka nui o ka ʻāina me nā mahiʻai holoholona no kaʻuala a me ka mahi ʻana ma ka mauʻu mauʻu he mea weliweli ia e pili ana i kēia mau ʻino.'
ʻImi no ka pulu
Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻoilo mālie, kuhikuhi ʻo Raedts i ka hopena o nā kauwela maloʻo o nā makahiki i hala iho nei. 'E like me ka 2018, e ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pōʻino i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Me he mea lā e ʻai paha nā wireworm i kaʻuala i kā lākou ʻimi ʻana i ka wai i ka wā maloʻo loa. ʻO ka pilikia nui loa iā mākou he mau koho iki kā mākou no ka kaohi kūpono. Ua nele mākou i nā pono kūpono no kēia. '
ʻO nā hopena o nā mahiʻai mahiʻai ʻelua e hōʻoia ʻia e ka mea aʻoaʻo huaʻai ʻo Jos Leenders o Agrifirm. 'ʻO ka nalo ʻana o nā huahana kūpono i kahi kikoʻī, akā ʻo ke koho ʻia ʻana o nā mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo-ʻōmaʻomaʻo i hopena i kaomi hou aʻe mai nā wireworms i nā makahiki i hala iho nei. ʻIke akāka ʻia kēia i nā pā hakahaka he nui i nā mauʻu mauʻu. '
ʻO nā kumuwaiwai kahiko a me kēia manawa
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Leenders iā Mocap, Condor a me Dursban ma ke ʻano he laʻana o nā ʻākena no ka hakakā ʻana i nā wireworms i nalo mua. 'O nā kumu o kēia manawa, ka hopena o Vydate i nā mea kolo o ka lepo, no ka laʻana, akahai a me Nemathorin, hilinaʻi nui ia i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai kūpono i ka manawa kūpono.
ʻOiai, ua ʻae ʻia ka agena Syngenta Force Evo i loko o kaʻuala a me ka maize mai kēia makahiki. ʻO kēia huahana hana mahu e hakakā pono i nā wireworms a ʻaʻole nā nematodes. Wahi a ka luna ʻae, ke hoʻohiki nei nā hopena hōʻike.
Nā ʻano kumu
Ma ka pae ʻāina, hiki ke loaʻa ka nui o ka pōʻino mai nā wireworms ma nā lepo māmā, ma nā kihi a i ʻole ma nā one one, e like me nā ʻōlelo a Leenders. Akā ʻo kaʻu mau hoapili ma ka lepo loess e hōʻike pū nei ua hele a māhuahua ka pilikia. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka lepo Clay, akā ma laila nō hoʻi, ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻole ʻia ka hōʻino ʻana i ka uala ma hope o ka mahi ʻana ma ka mauʻu mauʻu. '
Ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Derks e kanu i kahi mauʻu i mālama ʻole ʻia a i ʻole kahi kihi kahi i mālama ʻia ai ka manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka hoʻoilo a pau, lawe ʻo ia i nā laʻana. 'He mea maikaʻi e ʻike inā hiki iā ʻoe ke kali i nā wireworms. A laila ma ka liʻiliʻi loaʻa iā ʻoe ke koho e lawe i nā ana i ke kanu ʻana. ʻAʻohe mea hiki iā ʻoe ke hana ma hope i ke kau. '
Pono ka hakakā ʻana i ke aʻo ʻana
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Raedts i ka makahiki i hala ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia i nā mea āpau e hakakā me nā wireworms me kahi luna hoʻomohala. 'A hiki i kahi i ʻae ʻia, ua hoʻokuʻu mākou i nā kumuwaiwai a hoʻopukapuka nui iā lākou, akā naʻe me ka ʻole o ka kūleʻa. Mālama mau ʻia kekahi aʻo e hoʻokō i kahi hakakā maikaʻi. He mea nui ka hawai manawa, akā he moʻolelo paʻakikī kēlā na mākou. '
Ma muli o nā wireworms, hopohopo nui ka mea mahiʻai mahiʻai ʻo Limburg e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻāina no ka mahi ʻana i kaʻuala i kāna wahi. 'ʻAʻole maʻalahi ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi mahi mahiʻai a ʻo kēia mau ʻino he mea keakea hou aʻe.'
ʻImi nui i hoʻonui ʻia
I mea e hoʻoponopono ai i nā pilikia me nā kolo lepo, hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo Leenders no ka noiʻi nui loa ʻana. 'ʻAʻole wale mākou e pono i nā kumuwaiwai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, akā ma mua o nā ʻike āpau a me ka ʻike e pili ana i kēia mau mea ʻino. Pono e lawe ākea i ka noiʻi, kahi a mākou e aʻo ai e noʻonoʻo like i ka pae hoʻolālā kūkulu, 'i ʻōlelo ʻo ia.
Makemake wau e ʻike, no ka laʻana, he aha ka hopena o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i kahi mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo mauʻu ma mua o Kēkēmapa 1 ma ka heluna wireworm. Makemake mākou e ʻike i ka ʻike pili i ia ʻano pilina. '
ʻO ke kaomi beetle kahi ola ola o ʻekolu a ʻelima mau makahiki paha
Kāhea ʻia nā nila kuʻina Zip. ʻO lākou nā larva o ka nalo beetles e makemake e noho i nā mea kanu e like me ka mauʻu, nāhelehele a me nā mea kanu cereal. Ma ka honua a puni, he 170 mau ʻano o nā beet kaomi (Agriotes spp.) ʻIke ʻia. Pili nā ʻano ʻelua o kēia no Netherlands. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ʻano ʻāpana o nā beetle kaomi, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ma ke kēkelē o ka hoʻokūkū. Ke hele lohi nei kahi ʻano hema a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pōʻino i hiki i ka ʻEulopa ʻĀkau. Ma ka pūnaewele o ʻO BioKennisbank ʻ stateslelo ʻia e kaomi i nā nalo e waiho i kā lākou mau hua i ka mua o ka puna ma nā lepo momona i nā mea kanu momona. Noho nā nila o Zebra i ka lepo no ʻekolu a ʻelima mau makahiki ma mua o ka pupating. ʻAʻohe pilikia iki ka ʻōpio muli loa a hānai i nā mea make make. Mai ka pae larval ʻelua, ulu ka larvae i ka lōʻihi o 5 millimeter a ʻoi paha. Hiki i nā wireworms i kahi lōʻihi o 20 millimeter. ʻO nā nila kele zipper ke kumu o ka nui o ka pōʻino i ka puna a hāʻule i ka wā e pulu ai nā furrows. ʻO ka poino i hana ʻia e nā wireworms ma ka lima hoʻokahi o ka nalo ʻana o nā mea kanu. Pili kēia i ke kāpeti, nā beets kō a me nā kulina. I nā hua ʻohi, aia ka hapa nui o nā hōʻino maikaʻi, no ka mea, hana nā wireworms i nā lua a me nā alaloa. Hana ʻia kēia me nā ʻuala, akā hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā kāloti. I ke kumu, ka nānā ʻana o ka wireworms e nānā ana i nā beetles kaomi mākua ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā pepeke e waiho i nā hua i ka puna. I ka maize, hiki i ka kaohi ke hoʻohana ʻia me ka hua i uhi ʻia. ʻAʻole hiki ke kāohi ʻia nā nila zip iā lākou iho i ka wā ulu.