Wahi a nā helu helu, ua emi nā wahi ulu ʻuala ma ka ʻāina i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala mai 51 000 ha i 2000. a hiki i 16,000 ha i 2021. makahiki. Akā ʻo 2022. ʻike ʻia ka piʻi iki o ka nui o nā māla ʻuala i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Hiki i ke kumu ke hoʻonui i ke kūlana geopolitical, a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pilikia hoʻokele waiwai ma ʻEulopa. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā kumukūʻai no ka ʻuala ʻai i kēia makahiki ma mua o ka makahiki i hala, akā ʻo nā ʻuala liʻiliʻi loa i ulu ʻia ma waho e kahe pū ana i ka mākeke.
Ua hoʻomaikaʻi nā mea kanu ʻuala Latvian i ka mahi ʻana loea i loko o ka manawa mai 2000. ka huaʻuala makahiki ma ka awelika ma ka ʻāina ma mua o 20 t/ha, ma 2019. hiki i 22.4 t/ha i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Ua hoʻomau ʻia ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana a hiki i ka makahiki i hala, ʻoiai, ma muli o nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole no ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻuala, ʻo 15.3 t/ha wale nō ka pae hua. I kēia makahiki, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻohi ʻana ma mua o ka makahiki i hala, akā naʻe, ʻokoʻa loa ka ʻohi ʻana i ka ʻuala ma nā wahi like ʻole o Latvia. I kekahi mau ʻāina, ma ka ʻaoʻao Vidzeme, ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ke hoʻopiʻi e pili ana i ka ʻohi ʻana, akā ma ka ʻaoʻao Latgale, ua haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ka haʻawina ʻuala ma nā wahi.
Nā makahiki o ka ʻohi ʻana
ʻAʻole maikaʻi loa nā kauwela ʻelua i hala no nā mea kanu ʻuala, i kekahi manawa he hōʻike lākou i ka hoʻomanawanui a me ka maʻalahi no lākou. ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi hua ʻala i ke kauwela ua hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka lōʻihi o ka wela nui a ʻaʻohe ua, kahi i hoʻololi ʻia ma nā wahi me ka nui o ka ua. ʻO nā mea hou aʻe e pili ana i ka pōʻino o nā weevils, ua hoʻoweliweli ʻia nā māla ʻuala e ka namu potato Colorado a i ʻole ka namu potato Colorado i kēia mau kauwela. ʻAʻole i lawa ka maikaʻi o nā hana i mālama ʻia no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana iā lākou. Eia nō naʻe, hiki nō ke ʻimi i ka hoʻonā i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi, a me ka ʻike ʻana i ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i nā mahi ʻuala i kēia mua aku inā e hoʻomau hou ʻia ka wela nui, ka maloʻo a i ʻole ka laha ʻana o nā mea ʻino.
Ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻuala no ka hana ʻana
Eia nō hoʻi i ko mākou ʻāina, e like me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o ʻEulopa, ke emi nei ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻuala i ka meaʻai holoʻokoʻa, aʻo ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻuala i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana. ʻElua mau ʻoihana ʻuala ma Latvia e hana ana i ka ʻuala a me nā ʻōpala. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana me nā ʻoihana hoʻoponopono he mea maikaʻi ia no nā mea kanu ʻuala, no ka mea e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka kūʻai paʻa ʻana o nā huahana i hana ʻia. ʻOiaʻiʻo, pono e hoʻokō i nā koi o ka mea kūʻai aku - ka hui hana, e ulu i nā ʻano ʻuala kūpono a hoʻohana i ka ʻenehana kūpono.
Pono nā ʻenehana ulu ʻuala i nā hoʻopukapuka nui, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻoili ʻana i ka māla, ka hoʻoulu ʻana, akā ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka kanu ʻana a me ka ʻohi ʻana, pono nā kūlana mālama kūikawā, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā kumukūʻai.
Ka hana ʻana i ka ʻuala no ka hana ʻana i starch
He waiwai maoli anei ka ulu ʻana i ka ʻuala no ka hana ʻana?
ʻO ka loiloi o ke kūlana no ka hana ʻana i ka ʻuala starch ma Integrated Farms i hana ʻia ma ke kumu o 2019.-2020. ʻO ke kūlana i ka makahiki 2005-2005, i ka wā i maikaʻi ai nā kūlana no ka ulu ʻana i ka ʻuala, ʻaʻole i hoʻomaka ka piʻi ʻana o ke kumu kūʻai no nā kumu waiwai a me nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻohe o nā pale o ka maʻi maʻi a me ka hoʻoweliweli o ke kaua.
ʻOiai e manaʻo ʻia ʻo Aloja Starkelsen he loea i ka hana ʻana i ka starch potato organik, ʻo ka nui o ka starch maʻamau i hana ʻia mai nā ʻuala i ulu ʻia ma Integrated Farms he mea nui hoʻi. ʻO ka hua o ka ʻuala me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu mineral a me nā huahana pale mea kanu (PPPs), ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka ʻōnaehana mahiʻai organik, kahi i ʻae ʻole ʻia ai ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana kemika.
ʻOiai ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa loa nā ʻano ʻuala i ka nui o ka starch i loko o nā ʻuala ma nā ʻano mahiʻai ʻelua, akā naʻe, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o ka hua starch i kēlā me kēia ʻeka ma nā māla hoʻohui.
Ke koho ʻana i kahi ʻano kūpono
ʻO ke koi mua no ka ulu ʻana i ka ʻuala no ka hana ʻana i ka starch, ʻo ia ke koho ʻana i nā ʻano like me ka nui o ka starch i loko o nā ʻōpala. ʻAʻole wale ka nui, akā, ʻo ka nui paʻa o ka starch i nā kūlana ulu hoʻololi o nā kau like ʻole he mea nui. ʻAʻole i emi iki ka mea nui o ka hiki ke hana i nā hua kiʻekiʻe. Ma keʻano he kūlana,ʻo nāʻano likeʻole me ka nui o ka starch i loko o nā'ōpū a me nā hua maikaʻi e pili ana i nā hui o nāʻano waena a me nāʻano hope. Akā i nā kauwela pōkole o Latvia, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā ʻano me ka wā ulu pōkole, a i mea e maʻalahi ai ka pale ʻana i ka pōʻino o ka mauʻu, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūʻē ʻana i ka pathogen luku loa - ka pala. No laila, ʻōlelo ʻia nā ʻano ʻano waena me ka manawa pōkole o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka tuber.
E like me kā mākou e ʻike ai mai ka ʻike, hiki ke ulu maikaʻi ʻia nā ʻano ʻano Latvian a me nā ʻano haole me ka nui o ka starch (e pili ana i 20%) a me nā hua maikaʻi ma Latvia (e ʻike i ka tab.). ʻOliʻoli loa i ka mea i hoʻopuka hou ʻia ma Latvia ʻano 'Jogla', kūpono loa i ko mākou kūlana ulu.
ʻenehana mahiʻai
Ma ke kahua hoʻohui, pono e ulu ka ʻuala me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana mahiʻai kūpono. ʻO ia ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i ka lepo a me ka mālama ʻana i nā mahi kanu i lawa pono ka lepo. Pono e hoʻopili ʻia kahi mea kanu kūpono a kaulike i ka māla ʻuala. ʻO kekahi o nā ala maikaʻi loa o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā fertilizers mineral i loko o ka lua i ka manawa like me ke kanu ʻana. Eia nō naʻe, i mea e hoʻonui ai i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka starch i loko o nā ʻuala, pono nō hoʻi e noʻonoʻo i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ke aʻa i ka wā kanu.
I ka wā o ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻuala, pono e hana ʻia nā hana e hoʻomalu ai i nā mea ʻino, e hoʻomaka me ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka mauʻu, kāpīpī e pale i ka laha ʻana o nā lau ʻuala, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma ka hapa lua o ke kau, pono e pale ʻia nā kanu ʻuala mai ka pōʻino o ka lau. I kēia manawa, i loko o nā lau ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā lau, ke hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā carbohydrates i ke kaʻina o ka photosynthesis, kā lākou lawe ʻana i nā ʻōpala, kahi e mālama ʻia ai nā haʻalulu i ke ʻano o ka starch. ʻOi aku ka lōʻihi o ka mauʻu ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hua o ka tuber a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka starch e mālama ʻia i loko o nā ʻōpala o ka mea kanu hou. Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā o ke kau, ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e hoʻonui iā ia me nā fertilizers nitrogen - hoʻoikaika ia i ka ulu a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka lacunae, akā e hoʻolōʻihi i ka mea kanu o ka mea kanu a kāohi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka hōʻiliʻili starch i loko o nā ʻōpala.
He mea nui hoʻi ka ʻohi ʻana i ka mea kanu, akā ʻaʻole pono ka ʻuala no ka hana ʻana i ka starch i kahi mālama kūikawā. Eia nō naʻe, pono ka lawe ʻana i ka mea kanu i ka hale hana.
Nā koina hana a me nā loaʻa
I kā mākou loiloi 2019. i ka makahiki, ʻo ka awelika o ka ʻuala hua i kēlā me kēia ʻeka he 22.4 t, ʻoiai i ka ʻuala i ʻae ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ka starch, ʻo ka starch ma ka awelika 20.2%. ʻO ka hua o ka starch i loaʻa-4.5 t / ha. No ka mea ʻaʻole i kiʻekiʻe ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hua, pono e manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻolimalima hana ma mua o 1000 euros / ha. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i kiʻekiʻe loa ka waiwai i loaʻa me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka hua starch.
Akā no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hua kiʻekiʻe, e hāʻawi pū ana hoʻi i ka starch i loko o nā ʻuala, ua hoʻonui ʻia nā kumukūʻai no ka ulu ʻana i ka ʻuala, a ma hope o ka helu ʻana ua ʻike ʻia ke kumukūʻai o ka hana ʻana ma 2019. aia ma kahi o 1680 euros / ha i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Eia nō naʻe, me ka hua kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻuala, hiki i ka hua starch ma ka ʻeka ma kahi o 10 tons.
ʻAʻole i hoʻonui wale ʻia nā kumukūʻai, akā loaʻa nō hoʻi nā waiwai mai hoʻokahi ʻeka a me kahi ton o ka starch i hoʻoili ʻia i ka ʻoihana hana. ʻO ka hua ma ka ʻeka, inā he 10 t o ka starch i loaʻa, ua ʻoi aku ka ʻelima mau manawa ma mua o ka hua o ka ʻeka, inā ʻoi aku ka hua o ka starch ma mua o 5 t no ka ʻeka. Eia kekahi, ʻoiai ua piʻi nui ka nui o ka mākoki i loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻeka, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka loaʻa kālā no ke tona o ka starch i hana ʻia a me ka loaʻa kālā no ka ʻeka kahi i ulu ai ka ʻuala.
ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ua lawe mai ka makahiki i waho i nā loli nui i nā kumukūʻai hana no nā mahiʻai a me nā mea hana like. No ka laʻana, ke kumukūʻai o nā kumuwaiwai i ka mahi ʻana i ka ʻuala i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka 2020. a me 2021. i ka pūnāwai o ka makahiki, hoʻonui ʻia e 70%.
Ka hana pono o ka uala
Ua pōmaikaʻi nō hoʻi nā mea hana ʻuala mai ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā ʻuala ʻuala me ka nui o ka starch, no ka mea, ua hoʻemi ʻia nā kumukūʻai hana. No ka loaʻa ʻana o hoʻokahi tona mākiko, pono e hana ʻia nā ʻuala liʻiliʻi me ka nui o ka starch ma mua o ka liʻiliʻi o ka starch i loko o nā ʻuala. ʻO ia ke ʻano o ke koho ʻana i kahi ʻano kūpono kūpono ʻaʻole wale no nā mea kanu ʻuala, akā no nā mea hana. No laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mahi ʻana i ka ʻuala no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka starch a hiki ke kapa ʻia ka ʻuala he ʻuala maikaʻi.
Ke ho'āʻo nei ʻo Aloya Starkelsen e hōʻoia i kahi kaʻina hana pono a hoʻomau i ka hana ʻana i ka starch potato. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 2019. ua hoʻonui ʻia ka uku kumu makahiki no ka tonne o ka starch i hoʻoili ʻia e 45%, akā ua hana ʻia nā haʻawina hou no ka keu o ka nui o ka ʻaelike. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka pae o ka uku e hoʻoponopono ʻia i nā kumukūʻai mākeke a me ka noi honua.
Pono nā huahana meaʻai i kēlā me kēia kūlana, a e hōʻoia ʻia ke kūpaʻa a me ka palekana o ko mākou ʻāina e nā meaʻai i hana ʻia e mākou, a me ka hiki ke lawe aku.
Kumu: https://www.la.lv