Nānā piʻi hānai
ʻO ka lawe ʻana o nā mea hānai i ka mea nui loa i ka wā o ka tuber bulking up (ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o ke kaʻina hana).
ʻO ka nui o nā meaʻai e hoʻoneʻe ʻia e kahi hua ʻuala e pili loa i ka hoʻohua. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻelua mau manawa ka hopena e hopena i ʻelua mau manawa ka hemo ʻana o nā meaola. Pono e hoʻopili pono i nā meaʻai i ka zona o ka lawe ʻana, ma mua iki, a i ka manawa e pono ai ka hua. ʻAʻole hiki ke hōʻoia i ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kaulike kūpono o nā mea kanu i nā mea kanu hiki ke hōʻino i ka maikaʻi o ka mea kanu a hoʻemi i ka hua.
ʻO ke koina kiʻekiʻe loa no ka pāhare potassium, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi 4, aia i ka wā o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā paipu. ʻO ka pua ʻana o nā mea kanu ʻuala he hōʻailona ke hoʻomaka kēia pae morphological. No laila, ʻo ka manawa kūpono me ka Multi-K ™ kahi manawa pale lole ʻaoʻao maikaʻi.
Hōʻike 4: Uptake o ka lawe ʻana o ka macronutrient e kahi kanu ʻuala holoʻokoʻa
Puna: Harris (1978)
ʻO nā koi o kēlā me kēia lā o nā kūmaka potato i ka manawa o ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi he 4.5 kg / ha N, 0.3 kg / ha P a me 6.0 kg / ha K. ʻO nā koi potassium o nā kūmaki potato i ka wā o ka nui o ke kiʻekiʻe he kiʻekiʻe loa ia no ka mea he mea kūʻai nui lākou. o ka potasiuma. Hiki ke hoʻonui i nā hua i kēlā me kēia lā i ka manawa o ka paipu kūpilikiʻi koʻikoʻi i 1000 - 1500 kg / ha / lā. No laila, he mea nui e hoʻolako i nā mea kanu i koi ʻia i ka manawa o ka paipu kōkō i ka lakio NPK pono a me ka nui o ka nui.
Hōʻike 5: Uptake o ka macro a me nā mea kōkua lua e nā kumu waina a me nā kūmole o nā mea kanu ʻuala e hāʻawi ana i 55 ton / ha
Punawai: Reiz, 1991
Kiʻi 6: Uptake o nā micro-nutritive e nā kumu waina a me nā paipu o nā mea kanu ʻuala e hāʻawi ana i 55 ton / ha
2.2 Nā hana nui o nā mea kanu mea kanu
Papa 1: Hōʻuluʻulu o nā hana nui o nā mea kanu mea kanu
| ʻĀina ʻona | hana |
| Nitrogen (N) | Syntesis o nā protein (ulu a me nā hua). |
| Pākuʻi (P) | Hoʻokaʻawale pūnaewele a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā hanana ikaika. |
| Pākia (K) | ʻO ka lawe ʻana i nā kō, ka mālama ʻana i ka sistata, ka cofactor o nā enzyme he nui, hoʻemi i ka maʻalahi i nā maʻi kanu. |
| Kalikia (Ca) | Kahi kūkulu nui i nā paia o ka pūnaewele, a hoʻemi i ka maʻalahi i nā maʻi. |
| Sulphur (S) | Syntesis o nā amino acid pono cystine a me ka methionine. |
| Makanekiuma (mg) | ʻĀpana waena o ka mole mole chlorophyll. |
| Laʻi (Fe) | ʻO Chlorophyll synthes. |
| Manganese (Mn) | Pono i ka hana photosynthesis. |
| Borona (B) | Ke hoʻokumu ʻana i ka paia o ka pūnaewele. Germination a me ka elongation o ka pollen Tube. Komo i loko o ka metabolism a me ka lawe ʻana o nā kō. |
| Kiniki (Zn) | Hoʻokūkū Auxins. |
| Keleawe (cu) | Nā hopena i ka metabolism o ka naikokene a me nā haʻuwai. |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | Kea o ka nitrate-reductase a me nā nitrogenase enzyme. |
Papa 2: Nā hopena o nā meaola a me ke kumu potassium i ka maikaʻi o ka hua
| aiao | Hoʻonui i nā ana o | Noi o KCl ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ka K-klide-noa K (-Cl) | ||
| Nitrogen | ʻO Phosphorus | Paila pāʻiko | ||
| Ka nui o ka paipu | ↑ | ʻAʻohe hopena | ↑ | Kōkua ʻo Chloride-free K i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui |
| ʻIke i ka hōʻino mechanical | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | ʻAʻoheʻike |
| ʻEleʻele ʻeleʻele 1 | ↑ | ʻAʻohe hopena | ʻAʻohe hopena | ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o KCl ma mua o (-Cl) |
| % mea maloo 2 | ↓ | ↑Hopena iki | ↑ | Wahi a kekahi mau hōʻike e hiki i nā noi kaumaha o KCl ke hopena i kahi mea maloʻo haʻahaʻa, no ka hopena o ka chloride paha kēia |
| % mānoanoa 3 | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | Wahi a kekahi mau hōʻike e hiki i nā noi kaumaha o KCl ke hopena i kahi mea maloʻo haʻahaʻa, no ka hopena o ka chloride paha kēia |
| % protein | ↑ | ↓ | Nā hopena paʻakikī | Kōkua ka Chloride-free K i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike |
| % hoʻemi ana i nā kō | Kūlike ʻole | ↑ | ↓ | ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa |
| hoao | ↓ | ↑ | ʻAʻohe hopena | ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi ʻo Chloride-free K |
| ʻEleʻele ma hope o ka kuke ʻana | ↑ | ʻAʻohe hopena |
1 Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻeleʻele e ka oxidation o nā hui phenol ke hōʻike ʻia ka ʻili.
2 Pono ʻia kahi pākēneka nui o nā mea maloʻo i kaʻuala no ka ʻoihana.
3 Kūpono nā kuko kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻopili ʻia ke ʻano i ka umekaumaha kikoʻī.
Nitrogen (N)
ʻO ka mālama kūpono N kekahi o nā mea nui i koi ʻia e kiʻi i nā hua kiʻekiʻe (Fig 7) o kaʻuala maikaʻi loa. He mea nui ka lawa pono o ke kau N pono e kākoʻo i ka ulu pono ʻana o nā mea ulu.
Hōʻike 7: Ka hopena o ka nitrogen (N) i nā hua o kaʻuala
ʻO ka lepo N nui, hoʻopili ʻia i ka hopena o ke kau e hoʻopaneʻe ai i ke kō ʻana o nā kōpura a hopena i ka ʻili ʻilihuna, kahi e hōʻino ai i ka maikaʻi o ka tuber a me nā waihona. ʻO ka uala kahi hua pāpaʻu, e ulu mau ana ma nā lepo one, a ninini maikaʻi ʻia. Hana pinepine kēia mau ʻano o ka lepo i ka wai a me ka hoʻokele N paʻakikī no ka mea ʻo ka nitrate e maʻalahi i ka lilo ʻana i nā poho. Ma kēia mau one one, ua ʻōlelo ʻia e loaʻa nā ʻoka i nā noi wāwahi o N i ka wā ulu. Pili kēia i ka noi ʻana i kekahi o nā koi N āpau ma mua o ke kanu ʻana a me ke noi ʻana i ke koena i ka wā kau me nā noi lole-ʻaoʻao a i ʻole ma o ka ʻōnaehana wai e Nutrigation ™ (momona).
Hoʻololi ka manawa o ka noi N kiʻekiʻe loa e nā ʻano ʻuala a pili i nā ʻano mahiʻai, e like me ka nui o ke aʻa a me ka manawa i ke oʻo ʻana. ʻO ka loiloi Petiole i ka wā e ulu nei he mea pono, e ʻae ana i nā mea kanu e hoʻoholo i ke kūlana N o ka hua a pane i ka manawa kūpono me nā mea kūpono kūpono.
He mea nui ka lakio ammonium / nitrate kaulike i ka manawa kanu. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka amonium-nitrogen ma muli o ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka palena o ke aʻa a ma laila e hāpai ai i ka maʻi ʻo Rhizoctonia. Hoʻonui ka nitrate-nitrogen i ka lawe ʻana o nā cations e like me ka calcium, potassium a me ka magnesium, i koi ʻia no nā helu umekaumaha kikoʻī.
Kiʻi 8: Ka pane pili o ka ulu ʻana o kaʻuala i nā paʻa nitrate-ammonium i ka hopena nutrient
Ma 12 mM o N, ua hōʻike nā mea kanu i nā mea ʻino o ka ammonium interveinal me NH4+ ʻai pono, akā ulu pono me NO3- mea ʻai pono. No laila, ka mālama akahele o NH4+ pono nā kuko e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka ʻamonia amonium i nā mea kanu ʻuala.
Hōʻike 9: Ka hopena o ka lākiō Nitrate / Ammonium a me ka helu N ma ka huina hua o nā tubers UTD
Puna: Nā Meaʻai & Nā Huaʻai, Pepeluali / Malaki, 2000. ʻApelika Hema
Nitrogen Loiloi
ʻO ka hoʻāʻo honua i kahi hohonu o 60 cm. i ka pūnāwai koʻikoʻi ia i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i kahi papahana hoʻokele N pono a maikaʻi hoʻi. Hiki i nā laʻana lepo ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana ke kōkua i nā mea kanu e koho i nā mea kanu e kū aʻe ana, kahi e hoʻohana pono ai i ke koena N ma hope o ka hua ʻuala.
ʻO ka koi a ka nitrogen e ka mea kanu i ka wā o ka puʻupuʻu e 2.2 a 3.0 kg / ha / lā paha. ʻO ka laʻana o Petiole nitrate hiki i ka nānā ʻana i loko o ke kau o ke kūlana momona o ka hua. ʻOhi i ka 4th petiole mai 30 - 50 mau mea kanu i wae wale ʻia i loko o ka māla (Fig 10) e paipai ʻia. Hōʻiliʻili pinepine ʻia nā laikini kele i kēlā me kēia pule e nānā i nā loli i nā pae nitrate, a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā noi momona momona, inā e heleleʻi nā pae ma lalo o ka optimum.
Kūleʻa nā pae nitrate petiole koʻikoʻi i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻuala a oʻo. ʻO ka maʻamau, nā pae nitrate petiole-N ma ka tuber bulking he <10,000 ppm = haʻahaʻa, 10,000-15,000 ppm = waena,> 15,000 ppm = lawa. (Fig 11)
Kiʻi 10: Ke ʻano o ka lau 4 ma kahi mea kanu uala
Hōʻike 11: Ka wehewehe ʻana i nā pae N-NO3 i nā petioles ʻuala i nā pae like ʻole o ka ulu ʻana
Pākuʻi (P)
He mea nui ka phosphorus no ke aʻa a me ke kūkulu ʻana i ka pana, e hāʻawi ana i ka ikehu no nā hanana mea kanu e like me ka lawe ʻana o ion a me ka lawe ʻana. Hoʻokomo wale nā aʻa i nā ion phospate ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai lepo. Hiki i nā hemahema phosporor i loko o ka lepo me ka loaʻa nui o ka P, inā maloʻo, nā mahana haʻahaʻa, a i ʻole nā maʻi e hoʻopili me ka P diffusion i ke aʻa, ma o ka hopena lepo. E hopena kēia mau hemahema i ka hoʻomohala aʻa a me ka lawa ʻole o ka hana.
Ma ka paepae hoʻomaka kōpuʻu, kahi lako pono o ka phosphore e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokumu ʻia o ka helu optimum o nā tubers. Ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka tuber, he mea nui ka phosphore no ka synthesist starch, halihali a me kahi e waiho ai.
Hōʻike ka noiʻi hou i nā hoʻololi ʻana i ka mea hoʻomomona P, e like me nā mea hoʻohui polymer, nā mea humic, a me nā uhi e pono ai i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana P a me ka hana ʻana i kaʻuala.
Pākia (K)
Lawe nā mea kanu uala i nā nui o ka pāhare potassium i loko o ka wā ulu. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko ka potassium i ka kaohi o ke kūlana wai o nā mea kanu a me ka ionic concentration o nā mea kanu, me ka nānā nui ʻana i ka hana ʻana o ka stomatal.
He hana maikaʻi maikaʻi ka potassium i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻēmi nitrate ma loko o ka mea kanu. Ma hea nā nui (eg> 400 kg / ha K2O) e noi ʻia, i nā ʻano mehana e aʻoaʻo ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale i nā lole he 6-8 mau pule kaawale.
Pono ka ʻuala i ka nui o ka lepo K, ʻoiai he mea koʻikoʻi kēia meaola i nā hana metabolic e like me ka neʻe ʻana o nā kō mai nā lau i nā tubers a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke kō i loko o ka starch potato. ʻO nā hemahema potassium e hoʻēmi i ka hua, ka nui, a me ka maikaʻi o ka hua o kaʻuala. Pili pū kahi hemahema o ka lepo kūpono K me ka umekaumaha haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i kaʻuala.
Hoʻopilikia ka hemahema o ka potasiuma i ke kūpaʻa o ka hua i nā maʻi a me kona hiki ke hoʻomanawanui i nā pilikia e like me ka maloʻo a me ka hau. ʻO ka noi ʻana i ka mea hoʻomomona K me kahi polokalamu hoʻolele leo ma mua o ke kanu ʻana e paipai pinepine ʻia. Inā pili ka K, e mālama ʻia nā helu ma lalo o 45 kg K2ʻO / ha e hōʻalo i nā hōʻeha paʻakai i nā kupu ulu.
Koho o ka mea momona K maikaʻi loa
He mea nui ke kumu o ka potasiuma ma ke ʻano a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kūpe kaʻuala. Ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai like ʻole o K, ua loaʻa ʻo Multi-K ™ potassium nitrate e hoʻonui i ka mea maloʻo maloʻo a me ka hua i ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe o K (Fig 12 & 13). Ua hana ʻia kēia aʻo ʻana ma nā ʻano mahiʻai like ʻole a ua pane lākou āpau me ka hua kōkō kiʻekiʻe i ka mālama ʻana iā Multi-K ™ (Fig 14).
Kiʻi 12: Ka hopena o nā mea kanu potassic like ʻole ma ka hua o ka ʻuala
Punawai: Reiz, 1991
Hōʻike 13: Ka hopena o nā mea kanu potassic ʻokoʻa i nā mea maloʻo i nā ʻūala uala
Punawai: Reiz, 1991
Hōʻike 14: Ka hopena o nā mea kanu potassic ʻokoʻa i ka hua uala o nā mea kanu like ʻole
Punawai: Bester, 1986
ʻO ka umekaumaha pono o kaʻuala a me ke kala o ka ʻāpana he mau palena koʻikoʻi no ka ʻoihana uala. Ke pane ʻoluʻolu nei kēia mau palena ʻelua i nā mālama pāheona nitrate Multi-K ™ i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe o nā mea hoʻomomona K (Fig 15, 16).
Hōʻike 15: Ka hopena o nā mea kanu potassic like ʻole ma ka helu ʻana i nā kala ʻāpana
Punawai: Reiz, 1991
Hōʻike 16: ʻO ka hopena o nā mea kanu potassic ʻokoʻa i ka umekaumaha kikoʻī o nā kūmole potato
Punawai: Reiz, 1991
Ma waho aʻe o ka hopena maikaʻi o Multi-K ™ ma ka maikaʻi a me ka loaʻa o nā kūpala uala, hoʻomaikaʻi ia i ke ola o nā tubers i ka mālama ʻana (Fig 17).
Hōʻike 17: Ka hopena o ka lilo ʻana o nā mea momona K i ka nui o ka nui o ka manawa (@ 20oC, RH 66%)
Puna: Bester (1986)
Kalikia (Ca)
ʻO ka calcium kahi kī nui o nā paia o ke kelepona, e kōkua ana i ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi hanana ikaika a me ka hōʻoia ʻana i ke kūpaʻa paʻa. ʻOi aku ka pale o nā paia o ka cell-enriched cell i ka hopena bacteria a fungal paha. Kōkua pū ʻo Calcium i ka mea kanu e hoʻomaʻa i ke koʻikoʻi ma o ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka hopena o ke kaulahao ke kū ʻia ke koʻikoʻi. He kuleana nui nō hoʻi ia i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka lawe ʻana o ka potassium no ka wehe ʻana o ka wanaʻao.
Makanekiuma (mg)
He kuleana ko ka makanekiuma i ka photosynthesis, ʻoiai aia kona atoma i waenakonu o kēlā me kēia molekiola chlorophyll. Hoʻopili pū ʻia ia i nā ala nui like ʻole o ke kō a me ka protein i hana a me ka lawe ʻana o nā kō i ke ʻano o ka sukrosa mai nā lau i nā tubers.
Hoʻonui ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻana a 10% i loaʻa i nā hoʻokolohua kahi i hana ʻia ai ka hoʻohana mau ʻana o nā meaola magnesium.
Sulfur (S)
Hoʻoemi ka Sulfur i ka pae o ka scab maʻamau a me ka pauka. Pili kēia hopena i ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi o ka pH o ka lepo kahi i hoʻohana ʻia ai ka luaipele i kāna ʻano kumumea.
2.3 Nā maʻi kīnā ʻole i kaʻuala
Nitrogen
Hōʻike ʻia ka hemahema o Nitrogen e ka hoʻēmi ʻia ʻana o nā lau mae a ulu, a me nā hopena i ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi tuber (ka nui a me ka helu) Hoʻonui ʻia ka hemahema e ka extrenme lepo PH (haʻahaʻa a kiʻekiʻe paha), nā mea ʻokanika haʻahaʻa, nā ʻano maloʻo a i ʻole ka wai nui (Fig 18).
ʻO ka nui o ka nitritrogen ke kumu o ka lohi o ke oʻo, ka ulu kiʻekiʻe o ka ulu, ka hollow a me nā māwae ulu, hoʻonui i ka maʻalahi i nā maʻi biotic, hoʻemi i ka umekaumaha kūpikipiki a paʻakikī i ka lāʻau 'wela' ma mua o ka ʻohi ʻana.
Hōʻike 18: Nā hōʻailona deficit nitrogen (N) hiʻohiʻona
ʻO Phosphorus
ʻO nā ʻōuli maʻamau a me nā syndroms e pili ana me ka hemahema o ka phosphore: ʻoi aku ka nui o nā tubers, nā tubers liʻiliʻi, nā mea kanu ʻōniʻoniʻo, ka melemele ʻana o nā lau kahiko, nā lau ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo liʻiliʻi (Fig 19).
ʻO ka phosphorus nui, ke loaʻa, hoʻopaʻa paʻa i nā mea ʻē aʻe e like me ka calcium a me ka zinc, e hoʻoulu ai i kā lākou mau hemahema.
Kiʻi 19: ʻO nā ʻōuli deficience (P) ʻano hemahema
Paila pāʻiko
Hoʻoiho ka nele o ka potassium i ka lawe ʻana o ka naikokene, lohi i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu a alakaʻi i ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā hua, ka maikaʻi haʻahaʻa, a me ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi ʻole o ka maʻi. ʻO nā ʻōuli maʻamau o ka hemahema o K he necrosis o ka ʻaoʻao pākahi, senescence leaf premature (Fig 20)
ʻO ka potassium nui loa ka mea e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka umekaumaha pono a hoʻemi ʻia ka calcium a me / a i ʻole ka lawe ʻana i ka magnesium. Hoʻohaʻahaʻa nō hoʻi ia i ka honua.
Hōʻike 20: Nā ʻōuli hemahema o ka potassium (K)
ka pōhaku
Hoʻopilikia ka hemahema o ka pōhaku me ka ulu ʻana o ke aʻa, kumu i ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi o nā lau ulu ulu, a ʻo ka hopena e hōʻemi i nā hua a me ka maikaʻi maikaʻi ʻole. Ua hoʻemi ʻia ka hiki i ka waihona ipu uala-nele. ʻO nā pae calcium liʻiliʻi ma ka lepo e hopena i ka hoʻolālā lepo maikaʻi ʻole.
ʻO nā ʻōuli maʻamau o ka lawa ʻole o ka kalipuna nā lau melemele melemele ʻia ma luna o nā lau o luna, puhi nā piko, a me nā lau hou o ka chlorotic. (Fig 21)
ʻO nā hopena calcium nui loa e hōʻemi i ka lawe ʻana o ka magnesium, me nā ʻōuli e pili ana i ka lawa ʻole o ka magnesium.
Hōʻike 21: Nā hōʻailona deficience calcium (Ca)
makanekiuma
ʻOiai ʻo ka magnesium kahi mea nui i ka photosynthesis, lohi kāna helu ma lalo o nā kūlana o ka nele o ka magnesium, e hopena ana i ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi tuber a me nā hua haʻahaʻa. Hiki i ka hemahema magnesium koʻikoʻi ke hōʻemi i nā hua i 15%. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o nā tubers deficit me ka magnesium i ka wā e hāpai a mālama.
Nā hōʻailona hemahema maʻamau: lau melemele a ʻeleʻele; E mae ka lau a make; ʻO nā mea kanu puʻupuʻu, ka ulu mua ʻana o ka hua; Pau ka ʻili maikaʻi ʻole o nā paipu. (Fig 22)
ʻO ka hopena nui o ka magnesium i ka hoʻemi ʻia o ka lawe ʻana o ka calcium, me nā ʻōuli e pili ana i ka lawa ʻole o ka calcium.
Hōʻike 22: Nā hōʻailona deficit magnesium (Mg) hiʻohiʻona
'o Sulusa
ʻO ka hemahema ʻo Sulfur (S) ke kumu e hoʻemi ai i ka ulu ʻana, a lilo nā lau i ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka melemele. Hoʻoemi ʻia ka helu o nā lau. (Fig 23)
Hōʻike 23: Nā ʻōuli hemahema o ke aniani (S)
hao
Ma lalo o ka hemahema o ka hao (Fe), loaʻa nā wahi interveinal i ka chlorotic ʻoiai e ʻōmaʻomaʻo ana nā uaua. I nā hihia o ka hemahema koʻikoʻi, he chlorotic ka lau holoʻokoʻa. (Fig 24). Hōʻike mua ʻia nā hōʻailona hemahema hao ma nā lau ʻōpio.
Hōʻike 24: Nā hōʻailona deficience o ka Iron (Fe)
Boron
Hoʻololi ʻo Boron (B) i ka halihali ʻana o nā kō ma o nā membrane, a he kuleana nui nō hoʻi i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka pūnaewele, ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka pūnaewele a me ka metabolism auxin.
Ma lalo o ke kūlana hemahema o ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻōpuʻu e make ana, a ʻike ʻia nā mea kanu i ka ulu, me ka liʻiliʻi o nā internode. Lau mānoanoa a ʻōwili i luna; pouli a heleleʻi ka lau o ka lau. Hōʻike nā pāleo nīrotic brown i nā tubers, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi wahi popo i loko. (Fig 25)
Kiʻi 25: Nā ʻōuli hemahema o Boron (B)
keleawe
Ma lalo o ke keleawe (Cu) hemahema a lilo i mau lau ʻōpio a wili a mae, hāʻule nā ʻōpuʻu terminal i ka ulu ʻana o ka pua, a lilo nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo lau i kiʻi (Fig 26).
Kiʻi 26: Nā ʻōuli hemahema o Boron (B)
Zinc
Nā ʻōuli hemahema o ka Zinc: Lilo i nā lau ʻōpio i ke kīʻaha (ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo a melemele paha), ʻākiki, kīʻaha ʻia i luna a hoʻomohala i ka puhi ahi ʻO nā ʻōkuhi lau ʻē aʻe nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ke kīkē ʻana me nā mea make, blotching, a me nā hiʻohiʻona kū aʻe. (Fig 27)
Hōʻike 27: Nā hōʻailona deficience o Zinc (Zn) Characteristic
ʻO Manganese
ʻO nā ʻōuli hemahema o ka manganese (Mn): nā ʻeleʻele a i ʻole nā kiko ʻeleʻele i nā lau ʻōpio; lau melemele; pau ka ʻili maikaʻi ʻole o nā tubers (Fig 28). ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o nā tubers i ka wā hāpai a mālama.
Hōʻike 28: Nā hōʻailona deficience manganese (Mn)
Papa 8: Nā pae kūmole no kēlā me kēia meaʻai i ka pae foliar:
| meaʻai (%) | Hemahema | Low | Normal | High | Kūkulu |
| Nitrogen (N) | <4.2 | 4.2-4.9 | 5.0-6.5 | > 6.5 | |
| Pākuʻi (P) | 0.23-0.29 | 0.3-0.55 | > 0.6 | ||
| Pākia (K) | 3.3-3.9 | 4.0-6.5 | 6.5-7.0 | > 7.0 | |
| Kalikia (Ca) | 0.6-0.8 | 0.8-2 | > 2.0 | ||
| Makanekiuma (mg) | 0.22-0.24 | 0.25-0.5 | > 0.5 | ||
| Sulphur (S) | 0.30-0.50 |
| meaʻai (ppm) | Hemahema | Low | Normal | High | Kūkulu |
| Keleawe (cu) | <3 | 3.0 -5.0 | 5.0 -20 | 30-100 | |
| Kiniki (Zn) | 15-19 | 20-50 | |||
| Manganese (Mn) | 20-30 | 50-300 | 700-800 | > 800 | |
| Laʻi (Fe) | 50-150 | ||||
| Borona (B) | 18-24 | 30-60 | |||
| Sodium (Na) | 0-0.4 | > 0.4 | |||
| Koloriside (Cl) | 0-3.0 | 3.0-3.5 | > 3.5 |
2.5 Pono pono i nā mea kanu
Papa 9: Nā koi pono o kaʻuala
| Hua e manaʻo ʻia (ton / ha) | Lawe ʻia e ka hua (kg / ha) | Uptake e ka mea kanu holoʻokoʻa (kg / ha) | ||||||||
| N | P2O5 | K2O | CaO | MgO | N | P2O5 | K2O | CaO | MgO | |
| 20 | 38 | 18 | 102 | 2 | 2 | 105 | 28 | 146 | 29 | 19 |
| 40 | 76 | 36 | 204 | 4 | 4 | 171 | 50 | 266 | 42 | 28 |
| 60 | 114 | 54 | 306 | 6 | 6 | 237 | 72 | 386 | 55 | 37 |
| 80 | 152 | 72 | 408 | 8 | 8 | 303 | 95 | 506 | 68 | 46 |
| 100 | 190 | 90 | 510 | 10 | 10 | 369 | 117 | 626 | 82 | 55 |
| 110 | 209 | 99 | 561 | 11 | 11 | 402 | 128 | 686 | 88 | 59 |
Kahi Kūlaʻi: Pono pono nā meaʻai pono kaʻuala
