ʻO nā pua pua ulu i ulu i nā ʻāpana i loko o nā mea kanu ʻuala hiki ke kāohi i nā aphids e halihali ana i nā maʻi a kōkua paha i nā mea ulu e kū nei me ka helu ʻana o nā insecticides. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā wahi o nā pua hihiu i ulu i nā headland a ma waena o nā tramlines o nā mea kanu e ʻumeʻume ai i nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā aphids - ʻo ia hoʻi nā hoverflies, lacewings a me ladybirds.
Ke hoʻowalewale nei ʻo Scottish Agronomy, ka hui aʻoaʻo aʻoaʻo, i kēia ʻano hana e kōkua i nā mea ulu e pale i ka pāpā ʻana o kekahi mau insecticides a hoʻonui i ke kūʻē aphid i kekahi poʻe ʻē aʻe. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka maʻi ʻino nui potato Y, kānana N (PVYn), i kēia manawa i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe loa o nā hua ʻuala hua no 20 mau makahiki, e hōʻike ana i ka pono o nā mana hou o ka kaohi aphid. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Eric Anderson, ka agronomist kiʻekiʻe ma ka hui, ʻo nā mea ʻelua a, ʻo ka mea nui, ke nānā nei nā mea hana ʻuala hua ma mua i ka wā e loaʻa ana nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.
"ʻO ka hihiʻo e ʻokiʻoki i nā insecticides a ʻike nā mea ulu ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa kekahi mau insecticides i ka wā lōʻihi," i ʻōlelo ʻo ia.
Kaohi kemika
Ke nānā ʻia nei nā mea hoʻomake Pyrethroid e nā mea hoʻokele, ʻoiai kekahi mau aphids e kūʻē ana a i ʻole hōʻike i kahi loli i ka ʻike i kēia huahana. I kēia manawa, aia nā ʻōnaehana e like me acetamiprid (Insyst) a me flonicamid (Teppeki) i ka palena o nā noi i ʻae ʻia i nā mea kanu ʻuala hua, a hiki i nā kapu ke hoʻokū hou.
ʻOiai ʻo nā mea kanu ʻuala Sikotiki wale nō e ulu ma luna o ka honua no ʻewalu a 10 mau pule, he mea nui ka kaohi ʻana o ka aphids no ke olakino o ka hua a me ke ola o ka ʻoihana holoʻokoʻa. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Mr. Anderson i ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana i nā hui pua hihiu ma nā headland, ma nā ʻāpana he 3m i kēlā me kēia ka nui o ka tramline a i ʻole ka laulā tramline ʻē aʻe. Hoʻokumu kēia i nā alaloa ma o ka hua a me nā mea hou aku, i kahi neʻe aku mai kahi ʻōnaehana monocultur me kāna hilinaʻi nui i nā kaohi kemika.
Huikau nā pua ʻāhiu
Ua ʻike ʻia ka hana a Mr Anderson e like me ka palaoa, ka vetch maʻamau a me ka yarrow ma ke ʻano he hale maikaʻi no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā ʻenemi aphid, a aia kēia mau pua ulu hihiu i kahi kiʻekiʻe e ulu ana e kūpono me nā mea kanu ʻuala. Ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe nei ʻo ia i ka laha e lūlū a lūlū i nā lā, a lana ka manaʻo e ʻae paha kēia i nā mea kanu e hōʻoki i kā lākou hoʻohana insecticide i ka wā e hiki mai ana. Hoʻonui hou ʻia ka pilikia virus ma potato e ka huki ʻia ʻana o diquat (Reglone) ma ke ʻano he desiccant. ʻO ka manaʻo o kēia ka hua ʻana o ka haulm e ʻoi aku ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo no ka lōʻihi, no laila ʻoi aku ka makaʻu mai ka ulu hou ʻana a me nā maʻi virus aphid-spread i ka hopena o ke kau.
ʻO ka hana noiʻi ma Switzerland, alakaʻi ʻia e Matthias Tschumi, loaʻa nā ʻāhiu pua hihiu e maikaʻi loa i ka ʻumeʻume ʻana i nā ʻenemi o nā aphids a me ka hoʻēmi ʻana i nā kiʻina aphid. ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe ʻekolu, ua hōʻike nā hoverflies i ka hoʻonui nui loa o nā helu i nā ʻāpana i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻuala e pili ana, ʻoiai nā lacewings a me nā ladybirds i piʻi ikaika.
Wā Lag
Kuhi ʻo Mr Anderson hiki i kahi wā lohi a hiki i ka manawa e loaʻa ai i nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe ka manawa e kūkulu ai i kā lākou helu. No laila, hiki i ka hiki ke hoʻohui i ka hoʻoponopono pest (IPM) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana kuʻuna a me nā mea hana o kēia manawa e kaohi ai i nā aphids. Ke nānā ʻia nei kēia ala i ka mahi uala hua AHDB ma Morphie, ʻākau o Montrose, a lana ka manaʻo o ka ʻāpono ākea o ka IPM e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka mana o PVYn me ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka hoʻohana insecticide.
ʻO ke olakino virus o nā uala hua Sekotia kahi kūʻai kū hoʻokahi i Pelekane a me ka honua. Eia naʻe, ua piʻi nui ka nui o ka maʻi ma nā mea kanu i ka manawa o 2019 a me 2020, me ka pae kiʻekiʻe o nā mosaics i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o 20 mau makahiki. ʻO ka virus nui e hopohopo nei ʻo ia ʻo PVY a ʻo ke kaha nui i kēia manawa ʻo PVYn, me ka peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae) i manaʻo ʻia he vector pono loa o ka maʻi. Hiki i ka virus ke hana i nā pohō nui pololei, nā kīnā tuber a me nā māwae. Ua hoʻonui ʻia hoʻi ka maʻi wili lau ʻuala, ʻoiai mai kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa.