I nā makahiki he ʻelima i hala iho nei, ua hoʻonui mau ka hana ʻana o ka ʻuala ma India mai kahi o 8.3 miliona tonnes i 1980 a 48.6 miliona mau tona i ka 2017, kahi hoʻonui o 500 kenetene.
ʻO India ka mea hana nui ʻelua a me ka mea kūʻai aku i kaʻuala i ka honua. I nā makahiki he ʻelima i hala iho nei, ua hoʻonui mau ka hana ʻana o kaʻuala mai kahi o 8.3 miliona tonnes i 1980 a 48.6 miliona mau tona i ka makahiki 2017, kahi hoʻonui o 500 pakeneka.
I nā makahiki he 60 i hala aku nei, ua hoʻonui ka hana ma mua o 2017 pākēneka me nā wahi ʻelua a hāʻawi i ka hoʻonui. ʻO ka hua o ka ʻuala ma waena o ka makahiki ma 24 ma kahi o 31.5 tonnes no ka hectare. Eia nō naʻe, aia nā lau ākea i ka pae o nā hua ma waena o India, mai 10 ton i kēlā me kēia hectare ma Gujarat a 60,000 tonnes per hectare ma Assam. Ma waena o nā mea keakea like ʻole no ka ulu ʻana o ka hua, ua manaʻo ʻia ka palena palena o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻano hua e like me ka mea nui no nā pae haʻahaʻa ma nā moku hikina. ʻO ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o nā hua (Rs. 75,000-40 ma ka hectare), kahi helu no 50-XNUMX pākēneka o ka huina kālā o ka hana ʻana, he mea pale nui ia no nā mahiʻai liʻiliʻi e lawe i ka hana ma nā hapa nui o kēia mau mokuʻāina.
I India, hana ʻia nā hua ʻuala ma Punjab me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana a me nā ʻenehana aeroponic a lawe ʻia a hiki i ka 2,000 km i nā moku e ulu nei i kaʻuala o ka hikina a me ka hema o India. Hāpai ʻia ke kumukūʻai halihali kiʻekiʻe e nā mahiʻai ilihune nāna e uku i nā kumukūʻai hua kiʻekiʻe pū kekahi. ʻO ka mea i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ʻole, ʻaʻole hōʻoia ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, no laila lilo i mea paʻakikī no nā mea mahiʻai liʻiliʻi a liʻiliʻi e hoʻopukapuka i kahi kālā nui i nā kūʻai hua i helu ʻia no ka hapalua o ka nui o ke kumukūʻai o ka hana. Ua kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka ʻenehana aeroponic i Punjab ma muli o ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ke kapikala a me ka wā hānau lōʻihi ma kahi o ʻehā mau makahiki. ma mua o ka hoʻi ʻana mai o ka hoʻihoʻi.
Inā hiki ke loaʻa kahi ʻenehana haʻahaʻa e hana i ka ʻuala ma ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa a laila hiki i kēia mau moku hikina a me ka hema ke hoʻonui i ka hana ʻana i ka ʻuala ma o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ke kumu kūʻai. ʻO ka lepo a me ke kaiapuni i nā wahi he nui o ka hikina a me ka hema o nā wahi kūpono no ka mahi ʻana i ka ʻano ʻuala ma rabi kau (ʻOkakopa-Malaki) a ma kekahi mau wahi e like me Hassan ma Karnataka a me Koraput ma Odisha hiki ke ulu ʻia i ke kau kharif (Iulai-ʻOkakopa) pū kekahi. Kūpono, hiki i nā moku ʻākau hikina hikina ke lilo i hub hub pot e hāʻawi ana i nā hua i West Bengal, Odisha a me Bihar.
ʻO nāʻoki pakiaka Apical
Hiki i nā ʻoki pakiaka Apical ke pane i ka pilikia lōʻihi o ka ʻuala ma India e ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā hua a lawe kokoke iā ia i nā kāʻei hana. ʻOkoʻa nā ʻoki apical i ka ʻōnaehana hana hua aeroponic i kēia manawa. Pili nā aeroponics a me nā ʻoki apical i nā mea kanu moʻomeheu iʻa. I ka aeroponic, hoʻohana ʻia nā mea kanu moʻomeheu kikoola e hana i nā tubers liʻiliʻi e hoʻohana ana i ka ʻenehana aeroponic nui nui i nā hale pale, akā i nā ʻoki apical hoʻohana ʻia nā mea kanu moʻomeheu i mau mea kanu makuahine i nā lua coco no ka hana ʻoki.
I loko o ʻeono pule, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia kahi mea kanu makuahine e hana i nā mea kanu 8 (Kiʻi 1) a ʻoi aku ka helu i 15 a 12 mau pule. Kuhi ʻia kēia mau ʻoki ma luna o ka moena hua a ke aʻa ʻia, hoʻoneʻe ʻia i nā hale net a i ʻole ka māla ākea no ka hana ʻana i nā tubers mini a i nā tubers hua. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻenehana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma Vietnam no nā makahiki he umi.
ʻO Potato Vegetable & Flower Research Center (PVFC) ma Dalat, Vietnam kahi alakaʻi i nā ʻoki pakiaka apical no ka hana ʻana i nā tubers mini a me nā tubers hua. Ma kēia keʻena, kūʻai ʻia nā ʻoki aʻa i nā mahiʻai hua ma nā pā, a lawe ʻia i ke kula i nā keke kaʻa a me nā kaʻa liʻiliʻi no ka hana ʻana i nā tubers hua ma nā hale net a i ʻole kahua ākea (Kiʻi 2).
Hiki ke lawe ʻia nā ʻoki i loko o nā pahu pua ma 3-4 mau papa me kahi ʻāpana o ka ea maʻemaʻe ma waena o nā papa i hoʻomohala ʻia e nā ʻepekema CIP (International Potato Center) ma ʻApelika. Hoʻonui a kūʻai ʻia aku kēia mau tubers hua i nā mahiʻai e like me nā ʻuala hua. Hoʻohana pololei kekahi mau mahiʻai i nā ʻoki i uhuki ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā tubers ma ke kula ākea. Aia kekahi mau mahiʻai ma Vietnam i hoʻonohonoho i nā wahi moʻomeheu liʻiliʻi, nā hale pale no nā mea kanu makuahine a me nā ʻoki a me nā hale ʻupena no ka lawe ʻana i nā ʻoki kua ʻia no ka hana tuber mini. Hōʻike ke kiʻi 3 i kahi hana hana ʻoki potato apical o Mrs. Luong Thi Thu Lan's ma Dalat, Vietnam e hana nei i kēia wahi no nā makahiki he nui i kēia manawa.
Ma muli o kā mākou kua o ka helu enope, hiki ke kumu kūʻai o kahi mea kanu ʻoki a puni Rs i hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha, a ʻo 25,000-35,000 ʻoki e pono ai i ka ʻeka. Hiki i kēlā me kēia ʻoki ke hana i nā tubers 7-10 a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā manawa i hoʻonui ʻia 2-3 mau manawa ma mua o ke kūʻai ʻia ʻana i nā mahiʻai i hua.
Nā hōʻike a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā ʻoki aʻa Apical
Ke hoʻonohonoho nei mākou i kahi hale ʻoki apical i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Bengaluru i ka laulima ʻana me ke Kulanui o nā Hana ʻElekana (UHS) ma loko o kā lākou pā kula ʻo Bengaluru. E komo pū kēia me kahi hanana moʻomeheu kikoʻī e hoʻopili ʻia me nā mea kanu he 20,000 in-vitro o nā ʻano kaulana, 500 mau mika mika ka pā wela e hoʻomalu ʻia ka wela e hana i ʻoi aku ma mua o 100,000 ʻoki no kēlā me kēia kau a me 10 mau hale o nā hale upena kūlohelohe me kēlā me kēia 0.25 ʻeka e hana i nā tubers hua mai ʻoki no ka hoʻonui hou ʻana ma ke kula ākea.
ʻAʻole like ia ma Dalat kahi e kanu ʻia ai nā ʻoki ma ke kula ākea e like me ke aniau e nui ana me ka liʻiliʻi o ka ukana vector, hoʻolālā mākou e ulu iā lākou i loko o nā hale upena kūlohelohe e kū pono i nā kūlana kūloko o Bengaluru a me Hassan. I kekahi mau ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o India, hiki ke hiki ke ulu i kēia mau ʻoki i kahua ākea e like me Dalat. Pēlā nō, ke kūkulu ʻia nei kahi pono ma ke keʻena noiʻi ʻo University o Hassan. Hoʻolālā mākou e hoʻonohonoho i nā ʻano ʻano like like ma Koraput, Odisha, Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI) Shillong keʻena noiʻi.
Kaukaʻi ʻia i ka loaʻa kālā, hoʻolālā mākou e hoʻonohonoho i nā pono hana ma Assam a me Jharkhand. E hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau pono āpau no ka hōʻikeʻike i nā mahiʻai holomua a me nā hui mahiʻai a me ka protocol a hoʻopau i ka hoʻolālā ʻoihana no lākou e hana i nā hua kanu uala e hoʻohana ana i kēia ʻenehana. Hoʻolālā pū mākou e hoʻohana i ka papahana Small Farmers Large Field (SFLF) (paʻi ʻia ma mua https://indianexpress.com/article/india/agricultural-economics-how-doubling-of-farmers-income-is-possible-even-with-small-landholdings-5428084/), e hōʻuluʻulu i nā hui o nā mahiʻai liʻiliʻi e lawe i ka hua o ka ʻuala me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia ʻenehana.
(ʻO Samarendu Mohanty ka Luna Hoʻokele Regional ʻo Asia, a ʻo Sampriti Baruah, ka loea o ka ʻōnaehana meaʻai, ma ka International Potato Center, Vietnam)