Uhi i nā mea kanu no nā nematodes
Hana nā mea kanu uhi i nā ʻano hana. Mai ka pale ʻana i nā ʻāina palupalu a hiki i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka biology lepo a hiki i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka meaʻai i makemake nui ʻia no nā manu a me nā pi, hoʻopili pinepine kēia mau mea kanu i nā hiʻohiʻona ʻāina mau e like me nā pā a me nā ululāʻau.
ʻO nā mea kanu uhi - ke hoʻolaha nui ʻia nei nā ʻano heʻe a me nā ʻano biofumigant ma ke ʻano he ala e mālama ai i nā nematodes ʻuala a me nā mea ʻino nematode ʻē aʻe i loaʻa i ka lepo. Ua hoʻomaka ka noiʻi hou e hoʻomālamalama i ka pae ʻokoʻa o ka hana ma waena o nā ʻano mea kanu e paʻakikī i ke koho ʻana i nā mea kanu uhi e lūlū ʻia.
"Pono ka poʻe ulu e hoʻomaopopo he nui nā ʻano i pili, kēlā me kēia me nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka ʻano a me nā pae hoʻokipa," wahi a Dr Matt Back, he mea heluhelu i ka nematology ma Harper Adams University. "Ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i nā mea kanu uhi, pono mākou e mahalo e loaʻa i kekahi mau ʻano mea kanu ka hopena suppressive ma kekahi ʻano nematode akā hiki ke hoʻonui i kekahi," wahi āna.
I ka hoʻoholo ʻana ma waena o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka uhi uhi i loaʻa, ʻo nā pae hoʻohālikelike mua ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kāu mau mea nui, wahi a Eric Anderson, ka luna agronomist no ʻO Scotland Agronomy. "He aha ka pahuhopu, he hui pollinator o nā pua momona nui, kahi hui manu ʻāhiu, kahi mea kanu aʻa hohonu e mālama ai i ke ʻano o ka lepo a i ʻole he biofumigant a i ʻole he pahele no nā nematodes? ʻAʻole loaʻa kahi hua uhi i kūpono i nā nui āpau, no laila pono ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo mua i kāu mea e hoʻāʻo nei e hoʻokō," wahi a Mr Anderson.
ʻO nā mea ʻai pahele, ʻoi aku hoʻi ʻo Sticky nightshade (Solanum sisymbriifolium), loaʻa ka manaʻo i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1990 a me nā makahiki 2000 i ka wā i ʻae ʻia ai ka poʻe mahiʻai e hoʻokumu i kēia mau mea kanu ma ka ʻāina i waho o ka hana e like me ka waiho ʻia. Ua emi ka hoihoi ma hope o ka makahiki 2008 i ka wā i haʻalele ʻia ai ma ke ʻano he kulekele ma lalo o nā hoʻoponopono i hoʻokō ʻia e ke komisina no ka mahiʻai, ʻo Mariann Fischer Boel.
"Ua hana maikaʻi ʻo Solanum sisymbriifolium me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana no ka mea pono ia i nā mahina kauwela mai ka hopena o Mei a hiki i ʻOkakopa e hoʻokumu. He mea paʻakikī kēia e hoʻokō ai i loko o nā palena o kahi hoʻololi maʻamau, "wahi a Dr Back.
Ua haʻahaʻa ka ʻāpana o nā mea kanu uhi i lulu ʻia no ka nematode mai ka wā ma waena o 200-300 ʻeka - maʻamau 0.2-0.3% o ka ʻāina i ka nui o nā kau. ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mea i ulu ʻia ma Jersey no ka mea ʻo ka wā hōʻiliʻili o ka fosthiazate a me ka oxamyl a hiki i kona haʻalele ʻana i ka hopena o 2020 e kāpae i kāna hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu salad.
No laila no ke aha ka hoihoi hou ʻana i nā mea kanu uhi? Ma muli o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻano ʻano Solanum ʻē aʻe me ke kūpono i nā kūlana UK a me ka ulu ʻana o ka mahalo i waena o nā mea ulu a me kā lākou mau ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo ʻo nā ʻano moʻomeheu ma waho o ka mea kanu i hoʻopilikia ʻia e hāʻawi i nā ala ʻoi loa o ka mālama ʻana i ka heluna kanaka no ka wā lōʻihi, wehewehe ʻo Dr Back.
I ka makahiki 2022, ua loaʻa i kahi consortium ʻo Produce Solutions, Harper Adams University, CHAP, Vegetable Consultancy Services a me kekahi mau ʻoihana mahiʻai i ke kālā aupuni mai Innovate UK e noiʻi i ka hana pili o ʻekolu mau ʻano Solanum e kūʻē i nā heluna kanaka i ʻike ʻia. ʻO Pale Globodera a ʻO G. rostochiensis ma ke komohana a me ka hikina o Enelani. ʻO nā mea kanu uhi Solanum i hāʻawi ʻia e Produce Solutions e komo pū ana: Solanum sisymbriifolium (DeCyst-Prickly), Solanum scabrum (DeCyst Broadleaf) a Solanum chenopodioides (DeCyst Podium).
"Ma Kenya, kahi PCN kahi pilikia e puka mai nei, ua puka mai ka pō ʻApelika (Solanum scabrum) ma ke ʻano he pahele maikaʻi e hōʻemi ana i nā helu PCN a me nā nematodes root-knot (Meloidogyne spp.) e like me 85%," wahi a Dr Back. "ʻO ka nightshade kiʻekiʻe (Solanum chenopodioides), kahi mea kanu maoli o ʻAmelika Hema i lilo i mea kūlohelohe i nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka honua a me ka ʻāina haʻahaʻa ʻo ʻEnelani. ʻO kekahi o kā mākou mau hoʻokolohua i hana ʻia ma 2022 i manaʻo ʻia he ʻano paʻakikī i hāʻawi ʻia i hoʻokumu maikaʻi ʻia i nā kūlana maloʻo a hōʻike i ka hoʻohiki kūʻē iā PCN, "hoʻohui ʻo ia.
ʻO ka holomua o kēia mau mea kanu e hilinaʻi pinepine ʻia i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā mea kanu maikaʻi ʻoiai pono e hoʻokomo ʻia kēia i loko o ka pōʻaiapili, wahi a Dr Bill Watts o Produce Solutions. "Hiki i ka PCN ke neʻe a hiki i kahi mika, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka nui o nā wahi o ka infestation i ka manawa. ʻOiai he mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻokumu maikaʻi ʻana i kahi hua nui, ʻoiai me nā wahi liʻiliʻi ma ʻaneʻi a hiki ke hoʻokō i ka pono kiʻekiʻe, "wahi a Dr Watts.
Ua nānā ʻia nā hoʻokolohua ma 2022 i ka nui o nā mea kanu a me ka biomass e pili ana i nā macronutrients (P a me K), ka nui o ka hua a me ke ʻano hoʻokumu. ʻO ka hana mua mai Netherlands e hōʻike ana i ke koʻikoʻi o ka pilina ma waena o ka biomass ma luna o ka honua a me ka lōʻihi o ke aʻa: ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lōʻihi o ke aʻa e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena.
“Ua ʻike ʻia ka hana e piʻi ana ka lōʻihi o ke aʻa i ka wā e hiki ai nā lau ma kahi o 700 kalama o ka mea maloʻo ma ka mika squared (7t DM/ha). Hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia me kahi paona hou e pili ana i 50-60t/ha a pili i ka pono a hiki i ka 75%. Me ka nightshade ʻApelika, hiki i ka nui o nā mea maloʻo like i kēlā me kēia mika square, hiki ke hoʻemi i ka kiʻekiʻe o 85%, "wahi a Dr Back. E hoʻomau ʻia ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i kākoʻo ʻia e Innovate UK no ʻelua mau makahiki e hāʻawi i ka ʻikepili koʻikoʻi e pili ana i kekahi mau kau.
Trap a i ʻole biofumigants: ʻo wai ka maikaʻi?
ʻO nā mea kanu pahele, e like me nā ʻano Solanum i hāʻawi ʻia e Produce Solutions, a me nā biofumigants e like me ka ʻaila radish a me ka sinapi India, ʻaʻole ia he koho kūʻokoʻa me ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi i loko o kahi hoʻolālā hoʻokele pest integrated, wehewehe ʻo Dr Watts.
"Ke ʻike nei au i nā biofumigants e like me ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i ka heluna PCN a me ka pahele i nā mea kanu ma ke ʻano he hoʻowalewale make. Aia ka heluna kanaka ʻōpio i kahi kūlana paʻa o ka dormancy, no laila e ʻoi aku ka hopena o ka biofumigant. E neʻe i hoʻokahi kau a ʻelua paha a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻohi pahele, "wahi āna.
ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka wā e hoʻohana ai iā lākou i loko o ka rotation ke kikowaena o ka kūleʻa, manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ia, ʻo ka waena a me ka hapa hope o ka rotation i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia nā wahi maikaʻi loa e kuhikuhi ai i ka PCN. No nā mea kanu ʻuala ma Scotland, ua lilo ka ʻaila radish, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻano Bento, i mea biofumigant maikaʻi no ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā heluna PCN.
"Me Bento ma mua o nā ʻano ʻano ʻaila ʻaila ʻē aʻe, ua ʻike mākou i ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka o 50% ma nā ʻano o nā kau a me nā kūlana. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻike ʻia e hoʻokumu maikaʻi i nā kūlana Scottish, "wahi a Mr Anderson.
ʻOkoʻa nā biofumigants mai nā mea kanu i kā lākou ʻano hana. Hoʻokuʻu nā mea kanu i nā mea like like terpene paʻakikī e like me nā mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e nā hua ʻuala e hoʻoulu i kahi paʻa a huki i nā ʻōpio i loko o nā aʻa mea kanu kahi a lākou e make ai me ka hiki ʻole ke hoʻopau i ko lākou ola. I ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, hoʻokuʻu nā biofumigants i nā glucosinolates, a laila hoʻololi ʻia kēia mau mea i loko o ka isothiocyanates volatile, kahi ʻano o ke kinoea sinapi, e komo ana i loko o ka lepo e pepehi ana i nā keiki ʻōpio i ka hana.
"ʻO ka maikaʻi a me ka nui o nā glucosinolates i hana ʻia e nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole a me nā ʻano mea kanu brassica he ʻano like ʻole, no laila ke kamaʻilio nei mākou no Bento a ʻaʻole nā ʻano ʻano ʻaila ʻaila ʻē aʻe. No ka ʻike ʻana i kēlā mau ʻano mea e hoʻopuka ai i nā glucosinolates i ka leo kiʻekiʻe, e alakaʻi ana mākou i kahi hoʻokolohua screening i kēia kau aʻo nā hoʻokolohua ma Scotland a me Kanada e pili ana i nā nematodes root-lesion (Pratylenchus spp.), "wahi a Mr Anderson.
E like me nā ʻano Solanum o ka ʻohi pahele, ʻo ka hoʻokumu maikaʻi ʻana ke kumu o ka kūleʻa me ka ʻaila radish.
“Pono ʻoe e ʻimi no ka biomass kiʻekiʻe loa. ʻO ia ke ʻano o ka lūlū ʻana i ka mahina o Iune ma ke ʻano he mea ʻai kālā ʻole a i ʻole ma hope o ke kanu ʻana i ka pī a i ʻole AD rye. Ke hiki ʻo ia i ka hoʻomaka o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka pod, e hoʻopalapala i ka hua ma ke kiʻekiʻe o 45 kenimika (18 iniha) e pale i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana mai o ka hua a waiho ʻia e ulu no 10 mau pule. Hoʻoulu ka hana flail i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā glucosinolates no ka mea aia lākou i ke aʻa, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohui ʻia e like me ka hana ʻana o ka sinapi India, "wahi a Mr Anderson.
Hōʻike nā noiʻi i nā mea kanu uhi e hāʻawi i ka mana like ʻole o nā nematodes lesion-aʻa
Ke noiʻi nei ka haumāna PhD o ke Kulanui ʻo Harper Adams, ʻo Vongai Chekanai i ka hopena o nā ʻano mea kanu uhi kaulana i nā heluna o nā nematodes aʻa-lesion (Pratylenchus spp.). ʻO kāna noiʻi, he hoʻokahi makahiki hou o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ke kula e hoʻopau, ua kālele i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu uhi no ka mālama ʻana i nā nematode i nā mea kanu narcissus. Ma muli o ka laulā nui o nā nematodes aʻa-lesion, akā naʻe, loaʻa nā hopena i nā ʻano mea kanu ʻē aʻe.
“Ke papa inoa nei ka palapala i paʻi ʻia i nā ʻano mea kanu i kūpono no ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o nā nematode, akā ʻaʻole i paʻa ka hana no ka mea ʻaʻole ia e uhi i nā ʻano nematode āpau a uhi i nā ʻano mea kanu,” wahi a Ms Chekanai.
ʻElima mau ʻano mea kanu, phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia), ʻeleʻele oats (Avena strigosa), marigold Palani (Hoʻopiʻi kākoʻo), ʻaila ʻaila (Radish sativa) a me ka sinapi ʻĪnia (ʻO Brassica juncea), ua komo i ka hookolokolo. ʻAʻole ʻo Bento ke ʻano o ka ʻaila radish.
Ua hana ʻia ka pūʻulu mua o nā hoʻāʻo ma ke kaiapuni i hoʻomalu ʻia o kahi hale aniani ma mua o ka neʻe ʻana i kahi kahua ma Scotland me kahi moʻolelo o ka hana ʻana o ka daffodil bulb. ʻO nā ʻike mua, e pili ana i ka makahiki mua kūleʻa, ua hāʻawi mua i kahi hōʻike maopopo o ka hana ʻokoʻa.
"ʻO ka marigold Farani wale nō i hāʻawi i kahi hōʻemi koʻikoʻi o nā nematodes root-lesion me ka hōʻemi e like me ke ana ʻana i ka kilo o ka lepo o 57%. Ua hōʻemi ka ʻaila radish i nā helu, ma kahi o 9%, akā ʻaʻole i koʻikoʻi ka helu. He mea hoʻokipa maikaʻi loa ka sinapi India i hoʻonui i nā helu ma 293%, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele a me ka phacelia i mālama i ka heluna nematode. ʻO ka hopena o ka mahina ʻai no ka ʻaila radish, French marigold, ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele a me ka phacelia e hōʻike ana i ka mea i ʻike ʻia i loko o nā hoʻāʻo hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo, "wahi a Ms Chekanai.
"ʻO ka sinapi India he 'hoʻokipa maikaʻi loa' no nā ʻano Pratylenchus. He kumu maikaʻi ia o ka meaʻai a hāʻawi i kahi hoʻokipa kūpono no ka nematode e hoʻopau maʻalahi i kona ola ʻana, "hoʻohui ʻo ia.
Me ka liʻiliʻi o ka hopena o ka maloʻo o ke kauwela o 2022 i ka uhi uhi a i ʻole nā ʻāpana hoʻomalu, manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo Ms Chekanai he paʻa ka ʻikepili i hōʻiliʻili ʻia a ikaika loa ia e kākoʻo i nā ʻōlelo aʻo i nā mea kanu. "ʻO ka manawa aʻe e pili ana i ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka mea a mākou i ʻike ai i ka makahiki 2022 ʻoiai e hoʻokuʻu wau i ka sinapi India a me Phacelia a hoʻohui i ka chicory forage (Cichorium intybus) a me lucerne (ʻO Medicago sativa) ʻoiai ke manaʻolana nei au e hoʻopuka i kahi hopena koʻikoʻi no ka ʻaila ʻaila," wahi a Vongai.