ʻOiai ʻaʻole ia kahi kūleʻa koke, ke helu nei ka māla 'Russet Burbank' ma kahi o 40% o ka ʻeka potato US. No loko mai ia o kahi hua i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai kahi mea kanu ʻuala 'Early Rose' i kanu ʻia e Luther Burbank ma 1872. I mau makahiki he nui i hala, he mutant genetic kūlohelohe (a chimera) o ka Burbank kumu me ka ʻili russet i lilo i Russet Burbank ʻike mākou i kēia lā.
ʻO 'Russet Burbank' kahi ʻuala kūlua - kūpono no nā mākeke hou a me nā kaʻina hana - a ʻae ʻia e ka poʻe kūʻai. Hiki iā ʻoe ke mālama iā ia no nā mahina he nui ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana, e ʻae ai i ka hāʻawi a me ka hana ʻana a puni ka makahiki. ʻO kēia paha ke ʻano ikaika o 'Russet Burbank' a ʻo ia kekahi i hiki ke kūlike i kekahi mau mea mahi hua russet ʻē aʻe.
He ʻano maikaʻi ʻole kāna, akā ʻike mākou i ka mea e manaʻo ai
He pilikia ʻo 'Russet Burbank' i nā kīnā tuber ke ulu ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana koʻikoʻi. Pākuʻi ʻia kēia i nā kīnā o loko e like me ka ʻalani a me ka puʻuwai puʻuwai, a me nā kīnā o waho e like me nā pu He maʻalahi hoʻi ia i nā maʻi ʻuala, e like me ka make ʻana o Verticillium a me nā maʻi popopo.
Hoʻomaopopo nā mea ulu a me nā mea hana i kēia mau nāwaliwali a loaʻa nā hoʻolālā e hoʻokele i ka hapa nui o lākou. ʻAʻole hele mai nā mea kanu ʻuala me kahi puke hoʻokele. ʻIke mākou i nā mea he nui e pili ana i nā mahiʻai hou i kā lākou pae hoʻomohala, akā kū pinepine nā pilikia hiki ʻole ke kanu ʻia lākou ma ke kālepa ma nā ʻeka nui a me nā wahi hou. I mea e kūleʻa ai, pono i kahi mea mahiʻai hou ke loaʻa i kekahi mau ʻano kūʻokoʻa i ʻae nā mea kanu e ʻae i ka makaʻu o ke alo ʻana i kekahi mau mea ʻike ʻole ʻia.
Nui ka hana e hoʻomohala i kahi Cultivar Uala Hou
ʻO nā uala i mahi ʻia he tetraploids me nā ʻāpana ʻehā o kēlā me kēia chromosome a loaʻa nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o nā gen genes. Hana kēia i nā mea hiki ke pau ʻole i ke ʻano i hiki ke hōʻike ʻia i nā hānau o ke keʻa ma waena o ʻelua ʻuala. Ke waiho nei ka pahuhopu i nā ʻano maikaʻi o kēlā me kēia makua a nalowale nā mea maikaʻi ʻole. Lawe ʻia nā keʻa he nui e pae i kahi maikaʻi.
ʻO nā papahana hana uala maʻamau e loiloi i nā tubers mai kahi o 100,000 kea i kēlā me kēia makahiki. A koho wale nā mea hānai ma kahi o 10% e lawe i mua. ʻOiai hiki i ka mea kanu ʻuala ke loiloi ma kahi o 3.5 miliona mau ʻano ʻuala ma mua o kāna ʻoihana, e ʻike lākou i kekahi mau mea e hana a loaʻa ka manawa i ka kūleʻa kūleʻa. Inā ʻoe e kanu i nā ʻano hua ʻuala maoli mai ka berry i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai kahi mea kanu uala, ʻokoʻa nā mea kanu a me nā kūmole - e hōʻike ana kēlā me kēia i kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa.
ʻO ke ala wale nō e hoʻoponopono ai i nā ʻano hana, ʻo ia ka hana ʻana i nā mahi ʻuala me ka nānā ʻole mai ka waihona clonal. Hoʻonui nui ka hoʻolaha Clonal i ka manawa o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ʻuala hou. Hoʻopuka kahi puʻu ʻuala ma lalo o 15 mau tubers ma kēlā me kēia meakanu. No laila ua lilo nā makahiki mua o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā tubers e ʻae i ka loiloi i nā hoʻokolohua noiʻi hou. Ma mua o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā koho uala, hoʻāʻo ʻia lākou i nā wahi e ulu nei. He 13 a 14 mau paha mau makahiki e hoʻomohala, loiloi, a hoʻokuʻu i kahi māla ʻuala hou mai kahi papahana hoʻoulu uala maʻamau.
He aha e pili ana i ka Genetic Engineering (GE)?
ʻO GE ke ʻano pololei o ka genome o kahi meaola e hoʻohana ana i ka biotechnology. ʻO ke kaʻina hana maʻamau ka hoʻopili ʻana a i ka hemo ʻana o nā ʻāpana kikoʻī. Hiki ke hoʻohana i kēia ʻenehana e hoʻoikaika i ka germplasm kaʻuala ma ka hoʻolauna ʻana i nā ʻāpana mai nā ʻohana ʻuala hihiu i loko o kaʻuala i mahi ʻia. ʻOi loa ke hele ʻole lākou i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hānau hānau.
Hiki i nā Breeders ke hoʻohana i ka ʻenehana e hoʻololi ai i kekahi mau ʻano maikaʻi ʻole o nā ʻano uala kaulana, ʻo ia hoʻi no nā ʻano i lawe ʻia e hoʻokahi a i ʻole kekahi mau genes. Ua ʻae ke aupuni US ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o kekahi mau ʻano ʻuala i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia (GM) i manaʻo ʻia he palekana no ka hoʻohana ʻana a no ke kaiapuni. ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia lākou i nā ʻāina āpau.
Hōʻike nā meaʻai GM i kahi pilikia kūpono no kekahi poʻe, a hōʻole kekahi poʻe iā lākou no ka hopohopo no ke kaiapuni a i ʻole no ka makaʻu e pili ana i ka palekana o ka meaʻai. ʻAʻole mākaukau ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu ʻuala a me nā mea hoʻoili i ka US e kū i kēia mau kūleʻa ʻana a i ʻole nā hoʻopilikia kūwaho a ua hoʻoholo lākou ʻaʻole e ulu a kūʻai aku paha i kaʻuala GM i kēia manawa.
"Kanu i nā ʻanoʻano ʻuala, a paʻi ʻoe i kahi mine o heredity, palena ʻole i kona ʻano kānalua ʻole, akā palena ʻole hoʻi, i kona hiki. "