Ke kipa ʻo Andy Jensen ka mea entomologist me nā mea kanu ʻuala e pili ana i nā iniseti a me nā maʻi e hiki ke hōʻino nui i kā lākou mau mea kanu, ua kālele ʻo ia i ka ʻike koʻikoʻi e kōkua iā lākou e pale i ka pilikia ma ke kula.
He ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia no nā psyllids ʻuala a me ka pathogen hiki ke wāwahi i ka puke e hoʻoulu ai i ka zebra chip (ZC), wahi a Jensen, manakia ʻO ka Northwest Potato Research Consortium, nāna e mālama i ke kālā hāʻawi noiʻi no nā komisina ʻuala ʻo Idaho, Oregon a me Wakinekona.
ʻO Psyllids ʻuala 101
"He pepeke paʻakikī ka psyllid potato," wahi a Jensen. "Pili lākou i nā aphids, akā pono nā psyllids e hoʻohua i ka wā e hānau ai nā aphids i nā ʻōpio ola."
He ʻokoʻa nō hoʻi ke ʻano genetic o nā psyllids, kahi pilikia kūikawā no ka poʻe mahiʻai ma ka Pacific Northwest (PNW).
Wahi a David Horton, ka mea noiʻi entomologist me ka US Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) ma Wapato, Wash., "ʻO ka hapa nui o nā wahi ulu ma ke komohana o ka muliwai Mississippi-kahi e ulu ai nā psyllids potato-he ʻano genetic hoʻokahi, akā. He ʻokoʻa ka PNW no ka mea he ʻekolu.
Hoʻohui kēia pilikia i ka paʻakikī o ka mana psyllid i ka PNW, a hiki ke hoʻopilikia i nā mea ulu ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe inā e hoʻomau ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā psyllids a / a i ʻole nā psyllids e neʻe i nā wahi hou.
ʻIke a me ke ola ola
Hele ka ʻuala psyllid i ka hua manu, nymph a me ke ola kanaka makua, he paʻakikī ke ʻike ʻia.
He ʻuʻuku liʻiliʻi nā hua kiʻi pōpeku a aia ma kahi kumu pōkole (i ka wā e ʻimi ana, e lawe i ke aniani hoʻonui a i ʻole 10x mau leki lima). Aia nā hua ma ka ʻaoʻao lalo a ma nā kihi o nā lau.
Ua like ke ʻano o nā nymphs me nā unahi palupalu a i ʻole nāʻu keʻokeʻo, akā ʻaʻole like me nā unahi a me nā nalo keʻokeʻo, neʻe maʻalahi lākou ke hoʻopilikia ʻia.
Ua like ke ʻano o nā pākeke me nā cicadas liʻiliʻi, ma kahi o 0.08 iniha ka lōʻihi. He ʻeleʻele ka hapa nui o lākou, akā he mau kaha keʻokeʻo, a kau ko lākou mau ʻēheu akaka ma luna o ko lākou kino. Ke hoʻopilikia ʻia, lele koke lākou.
Hiki i ka psyllid potato hoʻopau i kekahi hanauna i lalo o hoʻokahi mahina ma lalo o nā kūlana kūpono, e like me ka Pacific Northwest Extension.
I kēia lā, ua ʻike ka poʻe ʻepekema i ʻehā mau ʻano genetically ʻokoʻa o nā psyllids potato ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, me nā hōʻike e kū mai ana e pili ana i ka ʻokoʻa i waena o lākou ma ke ʻano o ka male a me ka ecology. ʻAʻole maopopo i ke koʻikoʻi o kēia mau biotypes a inā pili kekahi a i ʻole nā mea āpau iā ZC.
ʻO ka mea i hoʻomaopopo ʻia, ke hoʻomau nei ʻo ZC i ka hoʻoweliweli i nā mea kanu ʻuala ma ke komohana o ka muliwai Mississippi.
Poino Oi
Mai ka puka mua ʻana o ka maʻi ma Idaho, Oregon a me Wakinekona i ka makahiki 2011, ua ʻoi aku kekahi mau māla ma mua o ka nui o ka 15 pakeneka ZC pae kiʻekiʻe - ka paepae no ka hōʻole ʻana i ka mākeke hou, wahi a Erik Wenninger, ke kaukaʻi o ka entomology o ke Kulanui o Idaho.
ʻO ZC ka mea e hōʻiliʻili ai nā kō i loko o ka ʻuala ma mua o ka mākiko. Ke palai ʻia ka ʻuala, ʻeleʻele nā laina o ke kō, a loaʻa ka hopena ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo a me ka ʻono ʻawaʻawa.
Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻuala, a nā pohō mai 20 a 50 pakeneka ua hōʻike ʻia.
No ka hohola ʻana i ka ZC, pono e lawe nā psyllids potato i ka Liberibacter bacteria, i loaʻa iā lākou ma ka hānai ʻana i nā mea kanu i maʻi ʻia a ma o ka makuahine i nā keiki.
Pono ka poʻe mahiʻai e hopohopo e pili ana i ka hānai pololei ʻana i nā mea kanu ʻuala ma muli o ka heluna nui o nā psyllids, e alakaʻi ana i ka melemele a me ka curl o nā lau-a, i nā hihia koʻikoʻi, make ka mea kanu.
Kāpena
ʻO ka ʻike kūpono a ukali ʻia e ka mākaʻikaʻi hoʻomau ka hana mua e hiki i ka poʻe mahiʻai ke hana e pale aku i ka luku ʻana i nā mea kanu.
No nā haneli o nā ʻano psyllid e kū nei ma US, ʻōlelo ʻo Wenninger, "ʻO ka psyllid potato wale nō ka mea e hōʻino ai i ka ʻuala, no laila e aʻo pehea e ʻike pono ai i nā pākeke a me nā nymphs."
Hoʻohui ʻo Jensen: "He mea koʻikoʻi ka nānā ʻana, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. E hoʻohana i kēlā me kēia ʻano hana āu e ʻoluʻolu ai, inā he mau pahele melemele a i ʻole kekahi ʻano hana ʻē aʻe (e laʻa, kahi ʻupena kahili a i ʻole ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka ʻupena). I ka wā e pili ana i nā pahele paʻa, e nānā a hoʻololi iā lākou ma kahi o hoʻokahi manawa i ka pule, ʻoi aku ka nui inā hiki iā ʻoe.
No ka mea ʻaʻohe paepae hana no nā psyllids i loko o ka ʻuala, ʻo ka "pae no ka hana ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i nā psyllids ʻuala ma kēlā me kēia pae i kēlā me kēia pae ola," e like me ka ʻO ka ʻuala Psyllid Vector o ka maʻi Zebra Chip ma ka Pākīpika Northwest.
A no ka hele mau ʻana o kēia mau critters, e hana pū me nā hoalauna no ka mea hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻopilikia i nā pilikia o kou hoalauna a hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopilikia i kou mau pilikia.
Inā loaʻa, e hoʻohana i nā papahana nānā ʻāina, me nā mea i hāʻawi ʻia e nā kulanui.
ʻO nā hana hoʻokele maikaʻi loa no ka mālama ʻana i nā Psyllids
An hoʻoponopono pest integrated (IPM), me nā hana hoʻokele maikaʻi loa, hiki ke kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i nā psyllids potato a pale i ka laha ʻana o ZC:
- E hoʻohāinu a hoʻomomona pono i mea e hoʻemi ai i ka heluna kanaka o nā psyllids a me nā mea ʻino ʻino ʻē aʻe e hānai ana ma ka omo ʻana i ke kohu i hana ʻia e nā mea kanu phloem (ka ʻiʻo lawe meaʻai o nā mea kanu) ma o nā waha e like me ka mauʻu.
- E pale i nā ʻōpala maikaʻi—nā ladybugs, nā lacewings, nā ʻōpala maka nui, nā ʻōpala kaikamahine a me nā pōpoki pōā minuke, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe—a inā hiki, e hoʻolako i kahi noho me nā mea kanu pua. Wahi a SCRI Zebra Chip, nui ka nui o kēia mau inike e hauʻoli i nā psyllids no ka ʻaina awakea.
- E hoʻohana me ka noʻonoʻo i nā lāʻau insecticides i ke kau ulu ʻana no ka mea ʻo lākou ka mea hana maikaʻi loa e hoʻomalu i nā psyllids ʻuala a kōkua i ka pale ʻana iā ZC. Aia kekahi mau lāʻau lāʻau ma ka mea kanu a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau ma ka mākeke e hāʻawi ana i ka mana psyllid i ka wā lōʻihi a he mea maikaʻi hoʻi i nā pepeke.
- E hana pū me nā entomologists, Extension educators a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi hoʻolālā hoʻomalu, a hoʻololi i nā ʻano hana, ma kekahi hapa, e pale aku i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka lāʻau insecticide.
ʻO Bayer Solutions
Movento a Sivanto Prime, ʻelua insecticides mai Bayer, e hoʻomau i ka kaulana i waena o nā mea kanu ʻuala e hoʻomalu i nā psyllids.
Hāʻawi ʻo Movento i ka hana ʻōnaehana ʻelua ala ikaika e neʻe ai i loko o nā mea kanu e pale iā lākou mai kahi ākea o nā inike a nā nematodes, ma luna a ma lalo o ka honua, e hana ana i nā mea kanu kūʻē i nā pest a me nā mea kanu olakino.
ʻO Sivanto, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke kuhikuhi pono nei i nā psyllids a me nā mea ʻino nui ʻē aʻe me nā aphids.
"He mana koena maikaʻi loa ʻo Movento, ʻoiai ʻo Sivanto e hoʻōki koke i ka pōʻino no ka mea he wikiwiki a ikaika hoʻi ka hopena o ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā psyllids," wahi a Monte Sorensen, Bayer product manager for insecticides. "Loaʻa iā lākou nā ʻano hana like ʻole no laila ua kūpono lākou i kahi papahana rotation-type e pale ai i ke kū'ē psyllid."
Ma luna o kēlā, ʻōlelo ʻo Sorensen: "ʻO nā huahana ʻelua, ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka lepili, hiki ke mālama i nā iniseti maikaʻi a kūpono i nā hoʻolālā IPM."
Hiki iā Movento a me Sivanto ke hahai i ka lāʻau insecticide e like me Bayer Admire® Pro lāʻau lāʻau lāʻau.
No ka ʻike hou aku e pili ana i kēia mau koho mana psyllid, a me Oberon® a Leverage® 360 insecticides, e 'olu'olu e leka uila i kou 'elele Bayer kūloko.
E heluhelu mau a hahai i nā ʻōlelo kuhikuhi.