ʻO ka maka ʻulaʻula kahi maʻi e hoʻomaka pinepine ana me ka ʻulaʻula, nā wahi i pulu i ka wai a puni nā maka o ka ʻōpala - no laila ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he "maka ʻulaʻula." Akā, i ka oʻo ʻana o ka ʻōpuʻu a me ka ʻili ʻana o ka ʻili, mānoanoa nā ʻāpana ʻulaʻula, nā ʻāpana poʻo (i kapa ʻia ʻo bull hide) a i ʻole e hōʻike i nā hōʻailona ʻē aʻe o ka pōʻino o ka ʻili e like me nā unahi ʻulaʻula, a i ʻole nā māwae liʻiliʻi, a i ʻole nā māwae.
- E kau inoa iā ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO ka makasina e hāʻawi ana i ka ʻike e pili ana i ke kula, ka hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā mea kanu, ke kūʻai aku ʻana, a me nā ʻano hou a me nā huahana i nā mea kanu, nā mea hoʻouna a me nā mea hoʻoikaika ʻē aʻe mai kahakai a kahakai. Kakau inoa i kēia lā! ➔
Loaʻa pinepine nā wahi i poino i kahi papa lalo o ka ʻiʻo necrotic, ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula e hoʻolōʻihi i kahi mau millimeters wale nō i loko o ka ʻiʻo ʻōpuʻu.
Nā kumu
ʻO ka maka ʻulaʻula kahi maʻi physiological pili i ka wai lepo nui (ma luna o 95% o ka lepo i loaʻa) me ka wela o ka lepo kiʻekiʻe (ma luna o 70°F) e hopena i nā kūlana anaerobic a puni ka tuber i ka wā o ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻuala. ʻO ka nele o ka oxygen ka hopena i ka pōʻino a me ka make ʻana o nā pūnaewele meristematic (māhele ikaika) e hoʻohua ai i ka tuber periderm (ʻili), no laila ʻaʻole i hoʻopiha ʻia ka periderm hopena. Ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau, ʻo ka periderm kahi pale kūpono loa i nā pathogens a me ka dehydration. No laila, ʻo nā ʻuala i hoʻopilikia ʻia me ka maka ʻuala ʻulaʻula maʻamau, loaʻa nā pilikia lua me nā maʻi pala-palapala a me ka emi ʻana o ka mālama ʻana.
ʻAka ʻulaʻula a me nā ʻōpuʻu pala
ʻAʻole kumu ʻia ka maka ʻulaʻula e nā pathogens. Akā ʻo nā kūlana anaerobic e alakaʻi ai i ka maka ʻulaʻula e makemake nui i nā pathogens e hoʻoulu ai i nā maʻi pala-palapala e like me ka pala ʻulaʻula, ka pala palupalu, a me ka leak Pythium. A ʻo ka periderm compromised he ala maʻalahi ia i ka maʻi no nā pathogens e ʻike maʻamau i ke komo ʻana ma o nā ʻeha. Ua wehewehe kēia i ke kumu o ka pili pinepine ʻana o ka maka ʻulaʻula me nā maʻi ʻōpuʻu, a no ke aha i manaʻo ʻia ai kēia maʻi e kahi pathogen. ʻO nā maʻi Tuber i hāpai ʻia e ka maka ʻulaʻula hiki ke lilo i mea koʻikoʻi a uhi lākou i ke kumu kumu.
He Inoa Hou no ka Maka Ula Pink
He inoa weliweli ka maka ʻulaʻula no kēia maʻi. He pōkole ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻulaʻula, a ʻaʻole pili wale ka maʻi i nā ʻiʻo a puni nā maka. Eia kekahi, maʻalahi ka huikau ʻana o ka inoa me ka palaka ʻulaʻula, kahi maʻi ʻōpala i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka haʻo lepo. ʻO Phytophthora erythroseptica. I kekahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hoʻoholo ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻuala e aʻo ana i ka maka ʻulaʻula e kapa hou iā ia "periderm disorder syndrome," a manaʻo lākou e hoʻomaka ka poʻe e kapa iā ia ʻo "PDS" no ka pōkole. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia inoa no ka haʻi ʻana i ke kumu o ka maʻi, akā ʻaʻole i paʻa maoli ka inoa hou.
ʻO Pato ʻAka ʻulaʻula/PDS Management
ʻO ka mea pōʻino, paʻakikī ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi, e like me ka maka ʻulaʻula/PDS, i hilinaʻi nui ʻia i nā kumu kaiapuni. ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou ke hoʻōki i ka ua i makemake ʻole ʻia e hoʻopiha i ka lepo, a i ʻole nā nalu wela e hoʻonui ai i ka wela o ka lepo. Akā aia kekahi mau hoʻolālā hoʻokele e hiki ke kōkua i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o ka maka ʻulaʻula a i ʻole ka paʻakikī.
• Ke koho ʻana i nā mea kanu. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o kekahi mau ʻuala i ka maka ʻulaʻula ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe; Yukon Gula, Pike, Luna Nui, Kennebec, Snowden, Shepody, ʻO Russet Burbank, Russet Norkotah, a me Clearwater Russet ua ʻike ʻia no ka ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi. Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe nā pilikia me ka maka ʻulaʻula, hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i kahi mea kanu ʻē aʻe.
• Mai kanu (a ʻohi paha) i nā wahi kūpono i ka wai. Hoʻonui ka wai ma nā wahi haʻahaʻa.
a ma nā wahi paʻa kiʻekiʻe e like me ke komo ʻana i ke kahua a me nā poʻo a hiki i ke poʻo. ʻO nā ʻuala e ulu ana ma ia mau wahi ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ulu ʻana o ka maka ʻulaʻula.
• Mahiʻai hohonu. ʻO ka mahiʻai hohonu e wāwahi i nā wahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻokahe wai e hoʻemi i nā pilikia me ka maka ʻulaʻula.
• Ka uhi uhi. Hoʻolulu ka uhi piha i ka lepo a kōkua i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka mahana o ka lepo. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia ka maka ʻulaʻula me ka ʻulaʻula o ke kumu waina ma muli o ka hiki ʻana o ka lā i ka lepo a hoʻonui i ka mahana o ka lepo. ʻO ia ke kumu e kōkua ai ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi e like me Verticillium wilt (a i ʻole ka paʻakikī make mua), a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe a i ʻole nā kūlana e make ai ke kumu waina mua, hiki ke kōkua i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka maka ʻulaʻula.
• ʻO ka mālama pono ʻana. E nānā i ka nui o ka makū o ka lepo a pale i ka hoʻoinu nui ʻana, ʻoi aku ma hope o ke kau e maʻalahi ai nā ʻuala i ka maka ʻulaʻula. Pono e emi iki ka wai i ka wā e ʻoki ʻia ai nā kumu waina a me nā aʻa, no laila pono e hoʻoponopono ʻia ka wai e like me ia. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia i ka wā e ulu ana i nā cultivars i maʻalahi i ka maka ʻulaʻula. I nā pule i hala iho nei o ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻuala, e ʻae i ka makū o ka lepo e hoʻopau i ka 70-75% o ka hiki ke paʻa i ka wai ma mua o ka hoʻoinu ʻana. Akā e makaʻala ʻaʻole e hoʻokahe nui i nā ʻuala ma mua o ka ʻohi ʻana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi inā hiki ke kanu ʻia ka mea kanu i ka ʻeha ʻeleʻele.
• E loiloi i ka nui o nā maka ʻulaʻula i ka ʻohi ʻana. Inā ʻike ʻoe i ka nui o ka maka ʻulaʻula i ka ʻohi ʻana, e noʻonoʻo e hoʻopaʻa a hoʻomaʻamaʻa koke i ka mea kanu a i ʻole e kaupalena i ka manawa o ka waiho ʻana. ʻO nā pilikia lua e pili ana i ka maka ʻulaʻula, e like me nā maʻi kōpaʻa a me ka dehydration, ke piʻi aʻe nei ke mālama ʻia nā ʻuala i loko o kahi waihona.