Ke ulu wikiwiki nei ka ʻoihana meaʻai ʻuala ma Kina. Wahi a nā kumu like ʻole, hoʻouna ʻia mai 10 a 20% o ka nui o ka huaʻai no ka hana ʻana i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO nā huahana nui i hana ʻia ʻo ia ka starch, ka ʻuala maloʻo (ka ʻuala a me ka palaoa), nā ʻōpala a me nā fries palani maloʻo.
ʻO Starch
ʻO ke kuhikuhi nui o ka hana ʻuala ʻo ia ka hana ʻana i ka starch potato. ʻO ka mea nui o ka starch ma muli o nā kumu ʻelua: ʻo ka mea mua, he mea maka no ka hana hou ʻana, a ʻo ka lua, ʻo ka hana ʻana i ka starch ke ala nui e hoʻohana ai i nā ʻuala ʻaʻole hiki ke kūʻai ʻia hou (liʻiliʻi, hemahema).
Hana ʻia ka hapa nui o ka starch ma Gansu a me Inner Mongolia. Aia nā hale hana nui loa ma Gansu (ka nui hana -788,600 tons i kēlā me kēia makahiki), ʻoi aku ma mua o 605,600 tons o ka starch i kēlā me kēia makahiki i hana ʻia e nā ʻoihana ma Inner Mongolia.
ʻO ka mea hana ʻuala nui loa ma Kina ʻo Inner Mongolia Nailun Agricultural Science and Technology Co., Ltd., me ka mana hana o 100,000 tons i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
ʻEkolu hale kūʻai ʻuala ma Chongqing, ʻelua o lākou e hoʻoponopono hou i ka starch i loaʻa i loko o nā noodles, kahi e hoʻonā ai i ka pilikia o ka poʻe hana ma muli o ke kau ikaika o ka hana starch.
Hoʻohana kekahi mau mea kanu (ʻewalu i kēia manawa) i ka starch ʻuala a me ka starch i hoʻololi ʻia a hoʻohana i ka starch mākū (ma mua o ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana) e hana i nā huahana i hoʻololi ʻia, e kōkua ana e hōʻemi i nā kumukūʻai maloʻo.
ʻO ka hiki ke hana o ka starch potato i hoʻololi ʻia ma ka ʻāina he 458,000 tons i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Me nā hale hana ʻehā a me ka nui o ka mana hana o 133,000 tons i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ʻo Gansu ka ʻāina nui.
Ua hana ʻia ka hana ʻana o ka starch i hoʻololi ʻia ma Kina mai ka makahiki 1980, ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kino, kemika, enzymatic a hui pū ʻia paha o nā ʻano like ʻole e hoʻololi i nā waiwai o ka starch maoli.
Wahi a ka China Starch Industry Association, ʻoi aku ma mua o 2,000 mau ʻano huahana starch i hoʻololi ʻia i kēia manawa ma ka ʻāina, me ka starch oxidized, acid modified starch, cationic starch, cyclodextrin, a me dialdehyde starch.
I ka makahiki 2019, ʻo ka nui o ka hana ʻana o ka starch i hoʻololi ʻia ma Kina he 1,757,800 tons. ʻO nā ʻano like ʻole o ka starch i hoʻololi ʻia me ka hua ʻoi aku ma mua o 100,000 tons e komo pū me ka starch hoʻololi paʻakikī, starch oxidized, starch cationic, starch acetate, starch phosphate a me ka starch pregelatinized me ka hua o 319,200 tons, 279,600 tons, 219,900 tons, 216,100 tons, 155,900 tons. 119,100 tona a 75.79 tona pakahi. ʻO ka hoʻopuka o kēia mau huahana ʻeono ma kahi o XNUMX% o ka nui o ka hana ʻana o ka starch i hoʻololi ʻia.
ʻO ka hana ʻana o ka starch i hoʻololi ʻia ma Kina ka mea nui ma nā panalāʻau o Shandong, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Jiangsu a me Jiangxi, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o 85% o ka nui o ka puka. Ma 2019, ʻo ka hana ʻana o ka starch i hoʻololi ʻia ma Shandong Province he 656.6 tausani tons. ʻEhā mau ʻoihana e hana ana ma kēia ʻāina me ka nui o ka makahiki ma mua o 100,000 tons, ʻo ia ka 40.96% o ka nui o ka starch i hoʻololi ʻia. Ma waena o lākou, ʻo ka huahana o Guangxi Nongken Mingyang Biochemical Group Co., Ltd. he 196,000 tons (11.15% o ka nui o ka hana ʻana o ka ʻāina).
ʻO ka mea kūʻai nui o ka starch i hoʻololi ʻia ʻo ia ka ʻoihana pepa Kina, ʻo ia ka 58% o ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka starch i hoʻololi ʻia.
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka starch i hoʻololi ʻia e ka ʻoihana meaʻai, no ka 18% o ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka starch i hoʻololi ʻia ma Kina. Hoʻohana ʻia ka starch no ka hana ʻana i nā noodles koke, sausages ham, yoghurts a me nā kīʻaha like ʻole.
ʻO Kina ka mea lawe mai i ka starch i hoʻololi ʻia, ma ke ʻano he dextrin a me nā starch i hoʻololi ʻia. ʻO ka lawe ʻana mai o Kina i ka starch i hoʻololi ʻia he 369,100 tons i 2019, ʻoi aku ka 13.46% mai ka makahiki ma mua, e like me ka China Starch Industry Association.
ʻO nā pilikia nui o ka hana starch e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o kēia ʻoihana i nā ʻoihana liʻiliʻi me ka nui o ka makahiki ma lalo o 10,000 tons, he mea paʻakikī ke hoʻolauna i nā ʻenehana hou a me nā mea hana i ka manawa kūpono, e hoʻokō i nā koi paʻa mau. o na lawelawe kaiapuni a me ka auhau. ʻO ke ala wale nō no lākou, mai ka manaʻo o ke aupuni, ʻo ia ka hui a hoʻonui i ka nui o ka hana.
uala kahiki Palani i palai 'ia
ʻO kēia ʻāpana hana ʻuala ka ulu wikiwiki loa ma Kina.
ʻO ka hana ʻana o Kina i nā fries palani maloʻo he 63,000 tons i ka makahiki 2006 a piʻi aʻe i 318,000 tons i 2015. ʻO ka awelika kiʻekiʻe o ka ulu ʻana o ka makahiki he 64.36% i ka makahiki 2010. I ka makahiki 2016, ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā ʻoihana āpau o nā ʻāina ʻē. Ua emi iki ka hana palai ma Kina. I ka makahiki 2017, he 281,500 tons ka nui o ka hana makahiki me 6.23%.
ʻO nā mea kūʻai nui o nā fries Farani ma Kina he mau hale ʻaina meaʻai wikiwiki ke ʻano Western. Wahi a nā poʻe loea ma muli o ka urbanization, e hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ia mau hale kūʻai meaʻai i ka wā lōʻihi, e hoʻopilikia pū i ka mākeke hoʻohana huahana. E hoʻomanaʻo, mai Pepeluali 2020, ua ʻoi aku ma mua o 3,500 mau hale ʻaina McDonald a me 6,600 mau hale ʻaina KFC ma ka ʻāina.
Hoʻokomo ʻia kekahi o nā fries palani maloʻo mai ka US, akā ke hōʻike nei ka mākeke i kahi ʻano iho o nā kūʻai. No laila i ka makahiki 2020, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka lawe ʻana mai e 26% i ka manawa hoʻokahi (ʻo ke kumu nui ʻo nā huahana ʻē aʻe i hana i ka hoʻāʻo lōʻihi lōʻihi no Covid-19, ua koi ʻia nā restaurateurs e hoʻololi i nā waiwai kūloko).
ʻO ka hana ʻana o ka fries Farani ma Kina ma 2022/23 ua manaʻo ʻia he 400,000 tons, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka makahiki i hala (410,000 tons) ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Wahi a nā kumu ʻoihana, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea hana i hoʻonui i ka ʻeka ʻuala i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2022 e hoʻokō i ka nui o ka noi home, akā ua hoʻonui ʻia kēia piʻi ʻana e nā ʻuala hou.
Ma waena o Iulai a me Kepakemapa 2023, ʻehā mau laina hana hou no ka hana ʻana i nā fries e manaʻo ʻia e kauoha ʻia. ʻO ka nui o kā lākou mana hana e hiki i kahi 400,000 tons hou, e pāpālua i ka hiki ke loaʻa.
Hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka seasonality i nā pilikia o ke kuhikuhi (e like me ka ʻoihana hana ʻuala holoʻokoʻa). Aia ka hapa nui o nā hale hana palai ma ka ʻāpana monoculture ʻākau, kahi e ʻohi ʻia ai ka ʻuala i ka hāʻule. ʻO ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā ʻuala i kēia mau huahana i ka manawa mai ʻApelila a ʻAukake ua kaupalena ʻia, no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki ke mālama i ka nui o nā huahana i ka maikaʻi kūpono. ʻO kahi ʻāpana o nā ʻoihana i ka wā o waho e hana ana i nā mea maka i lawe ʻia mai.
inoaia
Ke ulu nei ka ʻoihana ʻai meaʻai ma Kina i kahi wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe loa, i nā makahiki he 10 i hala iho nei, e like me ka Ministry of Commerce o ka PRC, ua ulu ka ʻoihana e 422.51%. Ma nāʻano he nui,ʻo ka kaulana o nā huahana hiki keʻaiʻia ma ka heleʻana e pili ana i ka wikiwiki i ka wikiwiki o ke ola o ka heluna kanaka. I ka manawa like, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia e kū i ka hoʻokūkū ikaika me nā ʻano kīʻaha ʻē aʻe e laha nei ma ka ʻāina. Eia kekahi, ʻo kahi luʻi honua no ka huahana ʻo ia ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā mea kūʻai aku i ka "snaʻi olakino" e like me nā ʻano o ke ola olakino honua.
Hoʻokumu nui ʻia nā hale hana ʻuala ma ka ʻāina ʻo Fujian (Dali Garden, Panpan, Qinqin (me Pringles) etc. ʻO Shanghai (Lay's a me Oishi) a me Beijing (Orion) kekahi mau kikowaena nui no ka hana ʻana i ka ʻuala, kaʻana like lākou no 22.59% a me 12.91% o ka huina kuai aupuni.
ʻO ka hui ʻo Dali ka ʻoihana ʻuala nui loa ma Kina me nā kūʻai makahiki he 16 biliona yuan, ʻo ia ka 34.42% o ka huina kūʻai o ka ʻāina. He 18 mau lālā ʻo Dali Group ma 16 mau panalāʻau a me nā ʻāina a puni ka ʻāina. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka brand Copico o nā ʻuala ma nā hui 10 o Dali i Quanzhou, Chengdu, Jinan, Hubei, Jilin, Gansu, Maanshan, Shanxi a me Yunnan.
Palaoa ʻuala
He mea koʻikoʻi ka palaoa ʻuala maloʻo no ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai no ka mea ʻoi aku ka momona ma mua o ka mākiko maʻemaʻe. Hiki ke hāʻawi wale i ka glucose i ke kino o ke kanaka, ʻo nā hua ʻuala holoʻokoʻa, e like me nā ʻuala mashed i hana ʻia mai ka palaoa ʻuala dehydrated, e mālama i ka waiwai o ka ʻuala holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi ka starch, protein, vitamina. , meaʻai fiber a me nā minela [Camire et al. 2009]. He mea koʻikoʻi ka hana ʻana o ka palaoa ʻuala maloʻo no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā huahana mashed potato maikaʻi a me nā meaʻai kūpono no ka heluna Kina [Mu et al. 2017].
ʻO nā huahana ʻuala ʻē aʻe
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻonui nui ʻo Kina i nā hoʻololi i nā ʻano o nā huahana kuʻuna i hana mua ʻia ma ke kumu o ka palaoa a i ʻole ka palaoa raiki. I ka hoʻomākaukauʻana i ka berena mahu, ka palaoa pālahalaha, ka palaoa a me ka laiki noodles, dumplings, ua hoʻohuiʻia ka palaoaʻuala i ka papa hana maʻamau. ʻO ka pahuhopu nui o nā mea hou e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi a me ka ʻokoʻa o ka meaʻai o nā kamaʻāina o ka ʻāina.
Hōʻike nā haʻawina i ka berena i hana ʻia mai ka palaoa me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka palaoa ʻuala i hoʻomaikaʻi i ka meaʻai a me nā waiwai hana.
ʻano kino [Blades et al. 2008]. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka palaoa ʻuala i ka palaoa palaoa ua hōʻike ʻia e kōkua i ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā pae gluten a pale i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka maʻi celiac [Ijah et al. 2015]. I ka manawa like, hoʻoikaika nā loea e hoʻomohala ana i ka meaʻai e hōʻoia i ka mālama ʻana o ka huahana hou i kona ʻano maʻamau a me kona ʻono. No laila, ua ʻike ʻia he kiʻekiʻe loa ka nui o nā granules potato hiki ke hoʻopilikia i nā waiwai rheological o ka palaoa [Xu et al. 2017]. No ka hana ʻana i ka berena, ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻohana i ka palaoa mai kekahi mau ʻano ʻuala (Hunmei, Blue Congo, Shepodi a me Atlantic).
I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ma mua o 200 mau ʻano meaʻai ʻuala i kūkulu ʻia ma Kina, a ua kūleʻa ʻia kekahi o lākou.
Hoʻopilikia ʻia ka hana nui o nā huahana hou e ka nele o nā ʻenehana kūikawā a me nā mea hana, akā ke hoʻopau mālie ʻia kēia pilikia. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ia ka laina hana ʻenehana potato starch noodle i hoʻomohala ʻia e nā ʻepekema a me nā ʻenekinia Kina. Hele mai nā huahana mai ka laina hui, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, pili pono i nā kuʻuna o ka moʻomeheu Kina, a, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, he huahana ia o ka ʻoihana hana ʻuala hou [Chen et al. 2017]. Mai kahi ʻike loea, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka laina hana noodle me nā laina hana no ka french fries, dehydrated potato, starch, etc.
Ma ke komohana hema o Kina (nā panalāʻau e like me Chongqing, Sichuan, a me Guizhou), aia kahi ʻuala kuʻuna mākaukau i ka kuke ʻana i kūpono i ka hana ʻoihana. Hoʻomoʻa ʻia ka ʻuala, a laila ʻoki ʻia i ʻāpana mānoanoa a maloʻo. ʻO ka hopena, he mea maʻemaʻe, ʻoluʻolu e like me ka abalone dehydrated, i kapa mau ʻia ʻo "mea kanu abalone". ʻO kēia ʻano ʻuala semi-finished ʻaʻole i hoʻopau wale i ka pilikia o ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻuala, akā pū kekahi, e pili ana i ka ʻai ʻana o ka heluna o ke komohana hema o Kina, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻomākaukau i kahi kīʻaha ʻono loa. Pono e hoʻomohala i nā mea hoʻomaloʻo kūikawā no ka hana ʻana i kēia ʻano o nā huahana semi-finished kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe i mea e hōʻemi ai i ka manawa o ka maloʻo - "ka lā maloʻo".
Ma muli o ka ʻoihana hana ʻuala ma Kina: ʻO ke ʻano o kēia manawa, nā wā e hiki mai ana a me ka hopena o ka honua; Zhao-jun Wang, Hong Liu, Fan-kui Zeng, Yan-chen Yang, Dan Xu, Yu-Ci Zhao, Xiao-feng Liu, Lovedeep Kaur, Gang Liu & Jaspreet Singh.