Ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻuala ma Kina no 400 mau makahiki. I loko o kēia manawa, ua lilo ka huahana haole i lilo i hoʻokahi o nā mea nui o ka meaʻai kūloko, akā he ʻāpana o ka moʻomeheu aupuni.
Ua manaʻo ʻia ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻuala ma Kina i ka wā Wanli o ka Ming Dynasty (1572-1620). ʻIke nā mea noiʻi i nā hōʻike o kēia ma nā puke i kākau ʻia i kēlā manawa. ʻO kekahi o nā mea kākau, ʻo Jiang Yikui, ka mea nāna i lawelawe ma ke ʻano he luna kānāwai o ka maluhia ma Lingchuan County i ke kenekulia 16, a ma hope i lawelawe ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi ma ka ʻāpana komohana o Beijing, ua wehewehe ʻo ia i kāna hana i nā mea like ʻole a me nā hanana āpau āna i hālāwai ai. , a me ka ʻuala i ʻōlelo ʻia - "like me ka ʻono me ka pīni". ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i hoʻokomo ʻia ka ʻuala i loko o ka papa inoa o nā curiosities e hōʻike ana i kēlā manawa ʻaʻole maʻamau ka moʻomeheu ma Kina.
Ua waiho ʻo Xu Guangqi, ke Kuhina Rites i ka wā o Chongzhen o ka Ming Dynasty, i ka wehewehe kikoʻī o ka ʻuala: “He ʻuala lepo, ʻike ʻia hoʻi he ʻuala. He like kona lau me ka pī; nā aʻa poepoe e like me nā hua moa, me ka ʻiʻo keʻokeʻo a me ka ʻili melemele. Hiki ke hoʻolapalapa ʻia e hana i ka sopa hina a i ʻole ka mahu. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka wai mai ka paila ʻana e holoi i nā lole, a waiho maʻemaʻe a keʻokeʻo e like me ka jade.
I ka pau ʻana o ka Ming Dynasty, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka ʻuala i ka papa inoa o nā mea ʻono o ka hale aliʻi. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia kēia e Liu Ruoyu ma Zuo Zhong Zhi, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻike ka mea kākau i kekahi mea kūikawā i ka huahana: "Ma waena o nā haneli o nā mea ʻono, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka ʻuala - mai ka ʻono a hiki i ke ʻano. ʻO ka mea hoihoi loa o ka ʻuala, no nā ʻāina ʻē mai.
Ua mahi mua ʻia ka ʻuala ma ka ʻāina ʻo Beijing-Tianjin, akā ma ka hopena o ka Ming Dynasty a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Qing Dynasty, ua laha i nā wahi ʻē aʻe. Uaʻoi aku ka holomua o kaʻenehana o ka huaʻai, ua hoʻonuiʻia ka hua. Loaʻa ka ʻuala i ka lehulehu.
Ma ka waena o ka Qing Dynasty, ua ʻike ʻo Kina i ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o ka heluna kanaka, kahi i hoʻonui ai i ka noi no ka meaʻai. ʻO ka pilikia meaʻai i alakaʻi i ka piko mua o ka mahi ʻuala. I kēia manawa, ua aʻo nā kamaʻāina o kekahi mau wahi o ka ʻāina i ka ʻuala i ka palaoa a kūʻai aku i nā huahana i hana ʻia ma ka ʻāina.
Mai nā makahiki mua o ka noho aliʻi ʻana o Emperor Qianlong (e noho aliʻi ana mai 1735 a 1796), hiki i nā mahiʻai ke neʻe kūʻokoʻa a puni ka ʻāina. Mahalo i kēia, ua laha hou nā hua ʻuala a me nā ʻano kanu, a hiki i nā ʻāpana mamao komohana hema a me ke komohana ʻākau a me ka pāpū hema o Shanxi. Ua hoʻololi koke ʻia ka ʻuala i ke kaiapuni kūlohelohe paʻakikī a hōʻike i kahi hua kiʻekiʻe loa ma nā ʻāina maikaʻi ʻole: hoʻokahi mea kanu i hoʻohua ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli mau ʻuala, no kēlā mau manawa he mea kupanaha.
I ka wā ʻo Daoguang (1820-1850), ua hoʻomaka ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻuala ma nā ʻāpana waena a me ka ʻākau o Shanxi, a lilo i ka ʻāina hana ʻuala nui ma ka ʻāina. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 19, ua hana nui ʻia nā ʻuala ma nā panalāʻau o Yunnan, Guizhou, Shanxi a me Gansu.
He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo i ka kaulana loa o ka ʻuala ma nā wahi kiʻekiʻe me ka hana haʻahaʻa o ka palaoa, kahi i ulu ai ka buckwheat. ʻO ia ke kumu nui o ka ʻai no ka poʻe ʻilihune, a ʻo ia ka hopena, ua pili pū me ka ʻilihune. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "Ua ulu au i ka ʻuala" ma Kina, ʻo ia ka manaʻo ua ulu ke kanaka ma kahi ʻāina ʻilihune, mauna.
I ka manawa like, i kekahi mau ʻāina, ua lanakila ka ʻuala i ke kūlana o kahi huahana kūloko maʻamau, kahi kumu no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā kīʻaha punahele punahele. No laila, aloha ka poʻe o ka Northeast i ka "ʻuala i kālua ʻia me ka puaʻa puaʻa", ma ka ʻĀkau a me Northwest hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i nā koho he nui no nā ʻāpana ʻuala palai, a ma Yunnan lākou e kuke ai i "nā ʻāpana ʻuala me nā pickles". Hāʻawi ʻia nā kīʻaha ʻuala Pākē kūloko ma nā hale ʻai i uka, ʻoiai ua lawelawe ʻia nā kīʻaha Farani a me nā ʻuala mashed ma nā hale ʻaina Western-style.
Eia nō naʻe, he mea nui ka ʻuala iā Kina, ʻaʻole nui no ka mea ua hoʻonui ia i ka nui o nā mea kanu i mahi ʻia ma ka ʻāina a hoʻonui i ka ʻai o nā kamaʻāina, akā no ka mea ua kōkua ia i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā pilikia meaʻai ma muli o ka ulu ʻana o ka heluna kanaka (population explosions). No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka nui o ka pilikia, e haʻi kākou i nā helu helu: i ka makahiki 1741, ʻo ka heluna kanaka o Kina he 143 miliona mau kānaka, i ka makahiki 1790 - ua 301 miliona, ma 1835 - 402 miliona. hooulu waiwai o ka aina.
I ke kenekulia 20, ua hoʻomaka ka nui o ka hoihoi i ka ʻuala ma Kina i ka makahiki 1960 a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 1970, ma hope o ka Wi Kina Nui. A laila ua lele nui ka hana i ka makahiki 1993 e kū'ē i ke kua o ka emi ʻana o ka mahiʻai ma ʻEulopa. Ma kēia alahele iodine ua hele mai ʻo Kina i ka poʻokela o ka honua hana ʻuala. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻuala ma Kina ma lalo o ka awelika honua.
I ka makahiki 2015, ua ʻōlelo ka Chinese Academy of Science e hoʻohana nā luna i kahi hoʻolālā e hoʻolaha i ka ʻuala ma ke ʻano he meaʻai nui (me ka laiki, ka palaoa a me ka palaoa) e hōʻoia i ka palekana o ka meaʻai kūloko o ka ʻāina. I ka makahiki 2016, ua hoʻokuʻu ke aupuni Kina i nā "Alakaʻi no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻuala". Ma hope mai, ua lawe ʻia nā hana kūpono ma nā panalāʻau a me nā kūlanakauhale e hoʻonui i ka hana a hoʻonui i ka noi no ka ʻuala.
ʻAʻole i koho wale ʻia ke koho ʻana i ka ʻuala. Ua hilinaʻi ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e hiki ke ulu ʻia kēia mea kanu ma kahi kokoke i nā wahi āpau o Kina, pono ka liʻiliʻi o ka wai (hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka palaoa a me ka raiki) a he meaʻai nui. I ka manawa e hānai ai ka ʻāina i ka hapalima o ka heluna kanaka o ka honua, a ke emi mau nei ka ʻāina mahiʻai ma muli o ka ulu ʻana o ke kūlanakauhale, he mea koʻikoʻi kēia mau pae hoʻohālike. Me ka heluna kanaka i manaʻo ʻia e piʻi i ka 1.5 biliona e 2030, manaʻo ʻo Kina e pono ia e hana i kahi 100 miliona mau tons meaʻai i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
Ua ʻike pū ke aupuni Kina i ka ʻuala ma ke ʻano he mea hana e hoʻopau ai i ka ʻilihune. ʻO nā wahi ʻilihune o ka ʻāina ka mea nui i nā mauna, kahi e noho aliʻi ai kahi ea ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a ʻaʻohe hemahema o nā ʻoihana kaʻa. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hana ʻuala ma kēia mau ʻāina ʻaʻole ia e hāʻawi wale i ka meaʻai no nā kamaʻāina, akā hāʻawi pū kekahi i nā manawa e hoʻonui ai i ka loaʻa kālā o nā māla ʻohana liʻiliʻi he nui, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ulu ʻana i ka ʻuala ma mua o ka laiki, ka palaoa, ka soya a me ke kulina.
ʻO kekahi kumu ʻē aʻe o ka nānā nui ʻana i ka ʻuala ma Kina ʻo ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā manaʻo ʻai olakino. Loaʻa i ka ʻuala ka nui o nā huaora, nā minerala a me nā phytonutrients a, e like me nā ʻepekema Kina, he mea nui ia i ka ʻai o nā kamaʻāina ʻelua a me nā kauhale. Wahi a nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka poʻe meaʻai meaʻai, ʻo ka ʻai i kēlā me kēia lā o nā keiki ma lalo o 14 mau makahiki he 25-50 g o ka ʻuala, ʻo ka helu ʻai i kēlā me kēia lā o nā keiki liʻiliʻi ma mua o 14 mau makahiki a me nā pākeke he 50-100 g (CNS, 2017) .
Sources: Information Administration of the Ministry of Agriculture of China; Paena pūnaewele Son of China (sonofchina.com)