ʻO ka nematode liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, ma kahi o hoʻokahi millimeter ka lōʻihi. Akā ʻoi aku ka nui o kona hiki ke hōʻino i ka ʻuala ma Kanada. ʻO ke kumu? He ʻāpana ia o ka paʻakikī o nā pests e hoʻoulu ai i ka maʻi Potato Early Dying (PED), ʻo ia ke kuleana o nā poho waiwai nui o ka ʻuala ma Kanada i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
ʻO ka Canadian Potato Early Dying Network (CanPEDNet) kahi papahana i loaʻa i 12 mau papahana noiʻi like ʻole e kuhikuhi ana i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hopena a me nā hopena o ka maʻi ʻo Potato Early Dying ma Kanada. ʻO ka papahana, i hoʻomaka i ka hopena o ka hāʻule ʻana o 2019, holo ʻia ma o ka Horticulture 3 Cluster o nā papahana i ka Canadian Agriculture Partnership AgriScience Program i alakaʻi ʻia e ka Canadian Horticultural Council, me ke kākoʻo mai kahi papa inoa lōʻihi o nā mea hana ʻoihana. Nui nā papahana i kālele ʻia i ka ʻike ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻano mea ʻino e pili ana i ka PED.
Aia ma luna o ka papa inoa ʻo Verticillium wilt, kahi maʻi ʻeha koʻikoʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka pathogen ʻO Verticillium dahliae - a me ka liʻiliʻi hoʻokahi ʻano o ka nematode lesion aʻa. ʻOi aku ka ʻike i kēia manawa e pili ana i ka mea mua ma mua o ka hope, ʻo ka mea nui no ka pilikia o ka nematode he paʻakikī ke ʻike iā ia iho. He polopeka ʻo Kauka Mario Tenuta ma ke keʻena ʻepekema lepo ma ke Kulanui o Manitoba, a ʻo ka mea noiʻi nui o CanPEDNet.
"Ke noʻonoʻo nei mākou e pili ana i ka PED, manaʻo pinepine mākou he 'paʻakikī,' no ka mea ʻae, hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i hoʻokahi pilikia pathogen - ʻo ia ka mea nui. V. dahliae - akā ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe, e like me Ontario a me nā Maritimes, loaʻa iā ʻoe nā mea ʻelua Hulaia a me ke kumu lesion nematode. A ke hui ʻia nā mea ʻelua [ma kahi kahua], loaʻa iā ʻoe ka maʻi koʻikoʻi, "wahi a Tenuta.
Hoʻomaopopo ʻo Tenuta i ka ʻai ʻana o nā nematodes aʻa i ka ʻuala ma ke ʻoki ʻana i nā lua liʻiliʻi i loko o ke aʻa, komo i loko a hānai i nā cell i loko. I ka hopena, haʻalele lākou i ke aʻa a waiho i nā hua ma loko a ma waho paha o ke aʻa i ka lepo. ʻO nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka pōʻino nematode e like me ka "pūnaewele aʻa maikaʻi ʻole," i ʻōlelo ai ʻo ia, me ka ulu ʻana o ka ulu ʻana, ka chlorosis o ka mea kanu a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka palupalu i ka maloʻo. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka pōʻino o ka nematode ma muli o ka wehe ʻana o ke aʻa, wahi a ia, a hiki ke ulu nā ʻeha ma nā aʻa mānoanoa. Hiki i nā ʻeha i hana ʻia e nā nematodes ke ʻae i nā pathogens e komo i loko o ka mea kanu, e hoʻohui i kona mau pilikia.
Nui nā ʻano o nā nematodes lesion aʻa ma Kanada, akā ʻike ʻia hoʻokahi ʻano i mea e pilikia ai nā mea kanu ʻuala: ʻO Pratylenchus penetrans. “Me nā ʻuala, pili kēia ʻano ʻano me V. dahliae e hoʻonui i ka PED, "wahi a Tenuta. “ʻO ia hoʻi, ka pōʻino e V. dahliae ua hoʻonui ʻia, ʻaʻole pono ʻoe i ka nui o nā nematodes i nā aʻa e hoʻopilikia ai.
P. komo ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ma waho o East Canada a i ʻole British Columbia - akā. ʻO kekahi ʻano ʻano nematode, ʻO Pratylenchus neglectus, loaʻa maʻamau i nā Prairies, a hiki ke lilo i pilikia i ka canola a me ka palaoa, wahi a Tenuta. ʻAʻole naʻe i ʻike ʻia inā P. neglectus pilikia i ka uala. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Tenuta ʻo Kanada "ma hope loa" i kona hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā pilikia nematode. "Pono mākou i ka hana kumu - ʻo wai nā ʻano ma laila, ma hea lākou, a me ko lākou pae. He hana koʻikoʻi kēia ma ʻaneʻi, "wahi āna.
Ke hana nei ʻo CanPEDNet i kēlā hana. ʻO Kauka Benjamin Mimee he nematologist me Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada ma Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Center ma Quebec. Ke alakaʻi nei ʻo ia i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka nematodes i loaʻa i nā laʻana lepo i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma waena o Kanada i mea e ʻike ai i nā ʻano mea e launa pū me. V. dahliae e hōʻike i nā hopena synergistic i ka ʻuala.
"I kēia manawa ua hoʻāʻo mākou ma mua o 2,500 nematodes," wahi a Mimee. "Ua ʻike mākou iā lākou ma lalo o ka microscope a ma ke kaʻina ʻana. Ma hope o kēlā, ke hoʻāla nei mākou i nā kolone o nā kaʻawale mai kēlā me kēia panalāʻau a me kēlā me kēia ʻano; e ho'āʻo mākou i ko lākou pathogenicity i ka hoʻoilo. "I waena o nā mea hoʻokaʻawale i ʻike ʻia, ʻike mākou he nui nā ʻokoʻa genetic, a ʻelua mau ʻano nematode he mau genomes like ʻole. E nānā mākou pehea lākou e launa pū ai Hulaia a ho'āʻo inā pili lākou me Hulaia ʻokoʻa. Makemake mākou e ʻike i nā ʻano ʻano [a me nā subspecies no P. komo] he pathogenic no ka ʻuala a hopu i ka pōʻino maoli i loaʻa i kēlā me kēia māla.
Wahi a Mimee, ʻo ke kī no ka hiki i ka poʻe mahiʻai ke mālama i ka PED ʻo ia ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻano. Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻano ʻano i loko o kahi māla, a i ʻole hoʻokahi wale nō ʻano o nā māla, akā inā he kiʻekiʻe nā kiʻekiʻe o kekahi ʻano i loko o kahi māla, ke ʻole kēlā ʻano. P. komo, ʻaʻole pilikia paha nā mea hana. Ma Alberta, ke hana nei ʻo Dr. Dmytro Yevtushenko, he kumu aʻoaʻo a me ka noho noiʻi ma ka Potato Research Laboratory ma ke Kulanui o Lethbridge, e hana pū ana i ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻano nematode ma ke ʻano o CanPEDNet.
“ʻO ka pahuhopu hope loa no Alberta ʻo ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā pae paepae o Hulaia a me nā nematodes e pili ana i ka hua, "i ʻōlelo ai ʻo ia - manaʻolana i ka pau ʻana o ke aʻo ʻana i ka hopena o 2022. "ʻO PED kekahi o nā maʻi koʻikoʻi ma Kanada. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī ma Kanada Hikina, akā aia nō ma Kanada Komohana. Akā i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me Eastern Canada, loaʻa iā mākou kahi kiʻi hui pū ʻia o PED - ʻaʻole maopopo mākou i nā kumu kumu, "wahi āna.
"Ke manaʻo nei mākou he ʻokoʻa paha [nā kumu kumu o PED ma Western Canada] mai ka poʻe ma Eastern Canada." Ua hoʻoponopono ʻo Yevtushenko's lab i nā ʻāpana kiko mai kēlā ʻaoʻao o ka ʻāina a ua hōʻoia i ka nui o ka hele ʻana o V. dahliae, ʻoiai ma nā māla me ka PED haʻahaʻa. ʻAʻole i loaʻa iā lākou kekahi P. komo, wahi āna, ʻoiai P. neglectus aia i kēia manawa. Ke manaʻolana nei kāna lab e ʻike inā ʻo ia ke kuleana no ka pōʻino waiwai. I Ianuali, e hoʻonohonoho lākou i kahi ʻōnaehana PCR manawa maoli e hoʻomaka i ka loiloi ʻana i ka lepo a me nā mea kanu i loko o ka hale no ka hele ʻana o V.erticillium a me nā phytopathogens ʻē aʻe. Pono nā mea hana e huli wikiwiki i nā hopena hōʻike, wahi āna.
ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻano mea ma o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka lepo ka pōhaku kihi o ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka PED, wahi a Tenuta. I kēia manawa, pilikia ia no kekahi mau mea hana. ʻO ka nīnau mua e pane ai inā loaʻa i ka mea hana P. komo ma kahi kula. "Inā hana lākou, pono lākou e hopohopo," wahi āna. "Inā loaʻa iā lākou nā ʻano ʻē aʻe P. komo, i kēia manawa he nīnau no nā pae. Pono lākou e kiʻekiʻe loa i mea e hopohopo ai nā mea hana. "
ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka lepo ka "ala maikaʻi loa" no nā mea hana e hoʻomaopopo i ka mea e hoʻopilikia nei i kā lākou mahinaʻai, wahi āna. Akā ʻaʻole like nā hoʻāʻo a pau. "Hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i ka loiloi lesion root. Pono ʻoe e makaʻala a noi i ka P. komo ka manaʻo paʻa a e hōʻoiaʻiʻo iā ʻoe ka hilinaʻi e hiki i ka lab ke hana i kahi hana maikaʻi o kēlā hoʻoholo ʻana, "wahi āna. "He ʻano like ke ʻano o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, no laila ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi inā loaʻa kahi diagnostic PCR molecular."
Ke hōʻoia ʻia ka hiki ʻana mai o kēia ʻano, hiki i nā mea hana ke hoʻohana i ka nematicide, akā ʻaʻole kēia he 100 pākēneka maikaʻi a "ʻaʻole ʻo ia ke koho maikaʻi loa mai kahi ʻano kaiaola lepo," wahi a Tenuta.
ʻO ka koho maikaʻi loa, ʻo ia ka lawe ʻana i kahi ala hoʻokele moʻomeheu, ʻoiai hiki i nā mea kanu ke pāʻani i nā nematodes a no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e wāwahi i nā pōʻai pest. Hiki i nā mea hana ke hoʻohana i nā "ʻai pahele" e like me ka sudangrass a i ʻole forage pearl millet, akā pono lākou e noiʻi pono i ka mea e kanu ai ma ke ʻano he ʻano ʻano hoʻololi, ʻoiai ʻo Brassicas, kulina a me nā legumes forage hiki ke mālama i nā nematodes. ʻO ka koho maikaʻi loa, wahi a Tenuta, he mau cereals.
Ke holomua nei nā papahana CanPEDNet, pono nā mea hana e hoʻolohe i nā hopena. "I ka makahiki e hiki mai ana, e puka mai ana ka ike a me ka ike no keia mau ano," wahi ana.